To adapt to the character and target of teaching Chinese as a foreign language,the setting of the curricula should follow such principles as enhancing the foundation,tool and link. We should give priority to foundation Chinese assisted with Chinese of traditional Chinese medicine ,supplement Chinese culture,and divide the stage to lay emphasis,make a point of three of organism connection,adopt required,elective subject and lectures as the teaching format.

Dendritic cells(DCs),representing a heterogenous population of professional antigen-presenting cells,are the initiators and modulators of the immune responses.Studies indicate that regulatory T cells contribute to immune nullipotency and immune suppression via cell-cell contact or cytokine secretion.These two kinds of cells may be valuable tools for modulating immunity in the setting of autoimmunity,cancer,chronic viral infections and graft rejection,etc.Here we discuss the current knowledge on the functions of regulatory T cells and denditic cells-based immunoregulation and the applications.

Objective To investigate the effect of high mobility group box-1 protein (HMGB1) on inter-leukin-2 (1L-2) and interleukin-2 receptor α (IL-2α) expressions in human T lymphocytes and its potential regulat-ing mechanism in vitro. Method Human T lymphocytes were isolated and suspended, the cells were cultured with 20 μg/mL phytohemagglutinin (PHA) in 5% CO_2 at 37 ℃, recombinant human HMGB1 (rhHMGB1, 0, 10, 100, 1000 ng/mL) was added with the PHA and cultures were centrifuged at 12 and 48 hours for cell collect-ing. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) amplification was perfomed to determine gene ex-pressions of IL-2, IL-2Rα. IL-2, sIL-2R protein levels in cell culture supematants were measured by ELIZA. Re-sults After coincubated with rhHMGB1 (10, 100, and 1000 ng/mL) for 12 hours, IL-2 levels in cell culture su-pernatants respectively were 0 . 064 ± 0. 017 μg/L, 0.076±0.033 μg/L, and 0.061 ±0.02 μg/L, which were significantly higher compared with the untreated cells (0.045±0.011 μg/L, P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Mean-while, IL-2 mRNA expression was markedly up-regulated following rhHMGB1 stimulation in various doses (F = 4.6872, P < 0.01). At 48 bourn, however, both IL-2 mRNA expression and protein production tended to de-crease along with an increased dose of dd-IMGB1 stimulationn. IL-2/sIL-2R ratio in 1000 ng/mL rhHMGB1 was markedly lower than that in 10 ng/ml rhHMGB1 (0.036±0.015 vs.0.055±0.017, P <0.05), together with down-regulation of IL-2Rα mRNA expression(P <0.01). Conclusions These data indieated that HMGBI could marked influence the IL-2/IL-2R expression in human T lymphocytes. With the increase in stimulating doses and prolongation of time, HMGBI might down-regulate T cell-mediated immune response of human lymphocytes.

In the context of ongoing health reform,it is important to establish and improve the regulation system of public hospitals.By defining the concept of regulation,regulation theories for public hospitals,the regulation systems of the typical countries,the paper summarizes the international experience enlightenment to China's public hospital regulation reform.

Background The protective effects against reperfusion injury of cardioprotective drugs have recently been evaluated and found to be inadequate. Guanxinshutong (GXST), a combination of the traditional herb and Mongolian medicine, is effective and safe in treating angina pectoris in clinical trials. We assess the cardioprotective effects of GXST against myocardial ischemia and reperfusion (MI/R) injury in rats and explore its possible mechanism. Methods Forty-five male Sprague Dawley rats were randomized into three groups: non-MI/R group (Sham, n = 15), MI/R group treated with vehicle (Control, n = 15) and MI/R group treated with GXST (Drug, n = 15). MI/R was induced by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) for 30 minutes, followed by 2/24 hour reperfusion in the Control and Drug groups. In the Sham group, the LAD was exposed without occlusion. GXST powder (in the Drug group) or saline (in the Control and Sham groups) were administered via direct gastric gavage from 7 day prior to surgery. Blood samples were collected from the carotid artery (10 rats each group) after 2 hours of reperfusion, to determine the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The animals were then sacrificed and the hearts were harvested for histopathology and western blot analysis. Infarct size was measured in the remaining five rats in each group after 24 hours reperfusion. Results GXST significantly decreased levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, ICAM-1, apoptosis index (AI) and infarct size. GXST also obviously inhibited nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activity when compared with the Control group (all P < 0.05). Conclusions GXST is effective in protecting the myocardium against MI/R injury in rats. Its possible cardioprotective mechanism involves inhibition of the inflammatory response and apoptosis following MI/R injury.

Objective Based the previous studies, the present study was performed to investigate the antagonistic effects of different doses of Astragaloside IV on the immune function of Treg mediated by HMGB1 in vitro and its potential mechanism.Methods CD4+CD25-T cells isolated from the spleens of male BABL/c mice by magnetic beads were seeded on 48-well cell culture plates and were randomly divided into four groups as follows(12 holes per group). Normal control group: CD4+CD25-T cells were cultured merely. Treg group: Tregs(100μl) and CD4+CD25-T cells were co-cultured in ratio of 1:10. HMGB1+Treg group: Tregs(100μl) stimulated by HMGB1(1μg/ml) for 72 h and CD4+CD25-T cells were co-cultured in ratio of 1∶10. HMGB1+AST IV+Treg group: Tregs(100μl) stimulated by HMGB1(1μg/ml) and AST IV(100μg/ml)for 72 h were co-cultured with CD4+CD25-T cells in ratio of 1:10. CD4+CD25-T cells and supernatants were again collected on post-culture 72 hour. The proliferation of CD4+CD25- T cells was analyzed by MTT test, the activity of NFAT and the contents of cytokines of IL-2 released into supernatants were also determined by means of ELISA. Results When CD4+CD25-T cells were co-cultured with Tregs, the cell proliferation(0.166±0.039) and the levels of NFAT(0.156±0.035) and IL-2(2.38±0.58) in supernatant were markedly decreased as compared with those in the control group(P<0.01). However, the contrary results were found when CD4+CD25-T cells were co-cultured with Treg stimulated by HMGB1. Compared with those in the(HMGB1+Treg) group, the contrary results were showed with a dose-dependent in the(HMGB1+ASTⅣ+Treg) group.Conclusion ASTⅣcan rivalry the effects of HMGB1 on immune function of Treg in vitro, this result indicate that ASTⅣhas the therapeutic action on inflammation promoted by HMGB1.

Objective To review the diagnosis and treatment of basal cell carcinoma of the scrorum. Methods Clinical data of 7 patients with basal cell carcinoma of the scrotum were analyzed retrospectively. The mean age of the patients was 66 years. The most common presenting symptom was a plaque or nodular lesion with pruritis on the scrotum. The lesions ranged from 1.5 cm to 4.5 cm in diameter. Five of the 7 patients had a history of misdiagnosis. The diagnosis was established by biopsy of the lesion in all the patients. All of the 7 patients had no distant metastasis at the time of diagnosis and were treated by wide surgical resection.Results Histopathologic examination of the specimens confirmed the negative surgical margins in all cases.The most common histological feature was lobules, columns, bands and cords of basaloid cells associated with a surrounding loose fibromucinous stroma.One patient developed left inguinal lymph node metastasis at 21 months postoperatively,and was treated by bilateral inguinal lymph node dissection.The patient was free of cancer for 36 months after that. Another patient developed lung metastasis 48 months after the first operation.He was treated by systemic chemotherapy with cyclophosph amide, epirubicin and cisplatin for 6 cycles and obtained complete remission.This patient was free of cancer for 13 months after the chemotherapy.The remaining 5 patients were all free of cancer after the operation. Conclusions Basal cell carcinoma of the scrotum is rare.Wide surgical resection alone is usually considered to be curative. Because of its potential of metastasis, long-term followup is indicated for this disease.

Objective To investigate the effect and mechanism of sodium ferulate (SF) on injury of gastric mucosa after traumatic hemorrhage shock resuscitation in rabbits.Methods One hundred healthy rabbits were randomly ( random number) divided into 4 groups ( n =25 in each group):control group ( A),model group ( B),pre-resuscitation SF group (C) and post-resuscitation SF group (D).The gastric mucosa injury model was established by using a method of comminuted fracture of femur and blood depletion.SF 30 mg/kg was injected into vein of rabbits' ear 20 min before resuscitation in group C and 30 min after resuscitation in group D,while rabbits of remaining groups received equal volume of normal saline instead.The gastric mucosa was obtained 90 min after resuscitation.The damage index (DI) of gastric mucosa was observed with method of Guth and the ultra-structure of parietal cell of stomach was observed under electronic microscope and the contents of TXB2 and 6-Keto-PGF1α in gastric tissue homogenate were determined with radio-immunity methods,and the ratios of TXB2/6-Keto-PGF1α were calculated.Data were analyzed by ANOVA ( LSD-t test ),and P ＜ 0.05 was considered as statistical significance. Results Under the electronic microscope,the secreting tubules were observed to be closed tightly in the parietal cells of stomach in the group A,showing a static status.However,in the group B,the number of normal secreting tubules was increased and the lumens were enlarged obviously.Compared with the group B,the number of normal secreting tubules was decreased and the enlargement of secreting tubules was not obvious in group C.The degree of changes in secreting tubules in group D was that between group C and group B.Compared with group A,the DI,the content of TXB2 and ratio of TXB2 to 6-Keto-PGF1α in other three groups were higher [DI: (81.5+13.6), (61.3+18.2), (70.5+17.2) vs.(4.2+2.7); the contents of TXB2:(4.95 +0.51),(3.75+0.64),(4.39±0.69) vs.(2.76±0.44); and the ratios of TXB2 to 6-KetoPGF1α:(0.064±0.002),(0.037±0.005), (0.049±0.002) vs.(0.027±0.002)] (P＜0.01),but the contents of 6-Keto-PGF1α in other 3 groups were lower [ (77.9±8.9),(96.4±11.2),(89.2+11.4) vs. (109.3±7.6)] (P＜0.05orP＜0.01).Compared with group B,theDI [ (61.3±18.2),(70.5±17.2) vs.(81.5±13.6)] and the contents of TXB2 [ (3.75±0.64), (4.39±0.69) vs.(4.95±0.51)] and the ratios ofTXB2 to6-Keto-PGF1α [ (0.037±0.005), (0.049±0.002) vs.(0.064 ±0.002)] in groups C and D were lower (P ＜ 0.05 or P ＜ 0.01 ),but the contents of 6-KetoPGF1α in groups C and D [ (96.4 ± 11.2),( 89.2 ± 11.4) vs.(77.9 ± 8.9) ] were higher ( P ＜ 0.05 or P ＜ 0.01 ).Compared with group C,the DI [ ( 70.5 ± 17.2) vs.61.3 ± 18.2) ] and the contents of TXB2 [ (4.39 ± 0.69) vs.(3.75 ± 0.64) ] and the ratios of TXB2 to 6-Keto-PGF1α [ (0.049 ± 0.002 ) vs.(0.037 +0.005) ] in group D were higher ( P ＜ 0.05 or P ＜ 0.01 ),but the content of 6-Keto-PGF1α in group D [ ( 89.2 ± 11.4 ) vs.(96.4 ± 11.2) ] was lower ( P ＜ 0.05 ).Conclusions SF can attenuate the injury of gastric mucosa after traumatic hemorrhage shock resuscitation in rabbits,and its therapeutic effects is better when it is administered before resuscitation than those as it is administered after resuscitation.The possible mechanism is associated with the effects of improving balance between TXB2 and 6-Keto-PGF1α and inhibiting the secreting function of parietal cell of stomach.

Objective To investigate the immunological activity change of regulatory T cells (Treg) and discuss its significance in the outcomes of patients with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) and severe burn. Methods A total of 106 patients with total burn surface area (TBSA) larger than 30% were included in the study and randomly divided into three groups according to the burn area: Group Ⅰ (TBSA of 30%-49%, n = 41), Group Ⅱ (TBSA of 50% -69%, n = 34) and Group Ⅲ (TBSA of 70%-99%, n = 31). According to the development of MODS, patients were divided into MODS group (n =21) and non-MODS group (n =85). The patients with MODS were further divided into non-survival group (n = 16) and survival group (n = 5) based on their outcomes. Healthy volunteers were served as normal control (n = 25). Peripheral blood samples were collected at days 1,3,7, 14 and 21 postburn. The immunomagnetic separation technique was applied to separate and purify CD4+ CD25+Tregs in peripheral blood, and phenotypes (CTLA-4) were analyzed by flow cytometry and the contents of interleukin-10 released in the supernatants were determined by ELISA. Results Expression of CTLA-4 and level of IL-10 were significantly increased in burn patients compared with normal control group, with statistical differences. The expression of CTLA-4 and level of IL-10 were significantly increased in patients with severe burns at all time points. The expression of CTLA-4 and level of IL-10 in MODS group were much higher than those in non-MODS group at days 3-21 postburn (P ＜ 0.01). Among the MODS patients, the expression of CTLA-4 and level of IL-10 in the survival group were obviously lower than those in the non-survival group at days 3-21 postburn (P ＜ 0.05 or P ＜ 0.01). Conclusions After severe burn injury, expressions of the markers on CD4 + CD25 + Treg surface and secretion of cytokines produced by CD4 + CD25 + Tregs show significant difference in patients with different born areas, MODS development and survival state. CD4 + CD25 + Treg may play an important role in the pathogenesis of immunoregulation, MODS and mortality of burn patients through secretion of inhibitory cytokines.

Objective This study was performed to investigate the effect of high mobility group box-1 protein (HMGB 1) on immune function of human T lymphocytes in vitro and explore its potential role in cell-mediated immune dysfunction.Methods Fresh blood was obtained from healthy adult volunteers and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated,then rhHMGB 1 was added to PBMCs.Four-color flow cytometric (FCM) analysis was used for the measurement of intracellular cytokine including interleukin Results (1) Different stimulating time and dosage of rhHMGB 1 did not alter the number of IFN-a positive cells (Th 1).rhHMGB 1 stimulation provoked a dose-dependent and time-dependent increase in Th2 subset and decrease in ratio of Th 1 to Th2.(2) Compared with the untreated cells,when the cells were coincubated with rhHMGB 1 (10-100ng/ml) for 12 hrs,protein release of IL-2 and sIL-2R were significantly up-regulated.At 48 hrs,in contrast,protein production was relatively lower in cells after exposure to 100-1000 ng/ml rhHMGBI.Conclusions These findings demonstrated that HMGB1 has a dual influence on immune functions of human T lymphocytes.