PURPOSE: The proposed Men's Health Index (MHI) aims to provide a practical and systematic framework for comprehensively assessing and stratifying older men with the intention of optimising their health and functional status. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A literature search was conducted using PubMed from 1980 to 2012. We specifically looked for instruments which: assess men's health, frailty and fitness; predict life expectancy, mortality and morbidities. The instruments were assessed by the researchers who then agreed on the tools to be included in the MHI. When there was disagreements, the researchers discussed and reached a consensus guided by the principle that the MHI could be used in the primary care setting targetting men aged 55-65 years. RESULTS: The instruments chosen include the Charlson's Combined Comorbidity-Age Index; the International Index of Erectile Function-5; the International Prostate Symptom Score; the Androgen Deficiency in Aging Male; the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe Frailty Instrument; the Sitting-Rising Test; the Senior Fitness Test; the Fitness Assessment Score; and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21. A pilot test on eight men was carried out and showed that the men's health index is viable. CONCLUSIONS: The concept of assessing, stratifying, and optimizing men's health should be incorporated into routine health care, and this can be implemented by using the MHI. This index is particularly useful to primary care physicians who are in a strategic position to engage men at the peri-retirement age in a conversation about their life goals based on their current and predicted health status.
Aging/*physiology ; *Health Status ; Humans ; Life Expectancy/*trends ; Male ; Men's Health/*standards/*trends

OBJECTIVE: To discuss the cause of death for residents in Changde and guarantee the evidence for the health decision-making and control of diseases by the use of YPLL analysis and comprehensive evaluation on the dynamic cause of death of residents in Changde from 1973 to 2002. METHODS: The data is processed by the use of SPSS software package (version 11.0) and EXCEL software (version 2000) with the statistic methods of Cause Eliminated Life Table, Life Table, YPLL and etc. RESULTS: The average population reached 5384519 and the average gender proportion of male and female is 1.12 to 1 in Changed during 1973-2002. Since 1973, total population has risen from 483 to 596 at average annual rate of 7.89% while the birthrate has decreased from 53.78% in 1973 to 8.39% in 2002. The composition of population in Changde experienced great shift in the past 30 years. The proportion of children (0 - 14) in 2002 declined by 16.15% compared with that in 1973 and the proportion of elder people has increased by 2.88% compared with that in 1973. The proportion of gender has ranged little by 1973-2002 although that of neonatal has ranged greatly. CONCLUSION The total death number of Changde in 2002 reached 1103233 and the mortality rate has sustained decline since 1973. The top 5 causes of death were diseases of respiratory system, circular system, damnification & poisoning, contagion & schistosomiasis, tumor and etc in 2002 and shifted a lot compared with that in 1973. The average life expectancy of residents in Changde was 67.6 from 1973 to 2002. The average life expectancy of males and females increased 12.63 and 11.93 years in 2002 compared with those in 1972. In the past 30 years, the diseases of respiratory system has greatly influenced the life span of residents in Changde.
Age Distribution ; Cause of Death ; trends ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Life Expectancy ; Male ; Sex Distribution

OBJECTIVEFocus on the Active Life Expectancy (ALE) of elderly in Beijing and the transition in recent years.

METHODSA representative sample of 3257 elderly people who lived in the urban, suburban and rural communities in Beijing that had been followed up for 12 years. Their health and survival status had been surveyed every 2-3 years. Activity Daily Living scale (ADL), recommended by WHO was used to evaluate the physical function capability of the elderly. IMaCH 0.8 was used to estimate life expectancy (LE) and active life expectancy (ALE) for both periods while age, sex and rural/urban residence areas were adjusted.

RESULTSLongitudinally, data showed that the main characters remained unchange throughout the two periods including 1) LE, ALE, ALE/LE of elderly living in urban area were higher than those living in rural area; 2) LE seemed longer in women than men, but ALE/LE was less in women. The transition between two period showed that 1) LE increased modestly in all groups but less prominent in urban residents and in females; 2) ALE was not significantly changed in the rural elderly but declined markedly in women living in the urban area; 3) ALE/LE of the elderly declined in all groups, especially in urban and oldest old groups.

CONCLUSIONIn Beijing, elderly AL-E did not increase in parallel with the increase of LE while ALE/LE of the elderly declined significantly in recent years. In order to improve quality of life of the elderly and to increase their ALE, emphasis should be given to prevention of cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and other chronic diseases while reducing the occurrence of physical disability and strengthening on rehabilitation would be the basic health care measures.

Activities of Daily Living ; Aged ; China ; Female ; Health Surveys ; Humans ; Life Expectancy ; trends ; Longitudinal Studies ; Male ; Rural Health ; trends ; Sex Factors ; Urban Health ; trends

OBJECTIVETo examine the influence of China's economic reforms on population health and regional mortality rates.

METHODSLongitudinal study measuring the mortality trends and their regional variations. Using data from the three most recent national censuses, we used the model life table to adjust the mortality levels within the population for each census, and to calculate life expectancy. We then examined the variation in patterns of mortality and population health by economic status, region and gender from 1980-2000.

RESULTSLife expectancy varied with economic status, province, and gender. Results showed that, although life expectancy in China had increased overall since the early 1980s, regional differences became more pronounced. Life expectancy for populations who live in the eastern coastal provinces are greater than those in the western regions.

CONCLUSIONDifferences in life expectancy are primarily related to differences in regional economic development, which in turn exacerbate regional health inequalities. Therefore, it is necessary to improve economic development in less developed regions and to improve health policies and the public health system that address the needs of everyone.

China ; Developing Countries ; Economics ; Female ; Healthcare Disparities ; economics ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant Mortality ; Life Expectancy ; Male ; Mortality ; trends ; Sex Characteristics

OBJECTIVETo understand the life expectancy of residents in Xinjiang production and Construction Group, from 1997 to 1999.

METHODSStratified cluster sampling method was used to obtain mortality rate, sequence of death causes, life expectancy, life eliminated major cause of deaths, years of potential life lost (YPLL) and level of long life. These indeices were used to compare and analyze health status on residents in the area.

RESULTSThe life expectancy on residents in the area was 75.61 years old for all residents, 72.73 years old for males, 80.02 years old for females from 1997 to 1999. The life expectancy for people living in agricultural and livestock farms was lower (73.97 years old). It was found that life expectancy was parallel to the level of economy. Life expectancy of northern residents was higher than those living in the southern and eastern parts of the area. The annual average mortality rate of the residents was 5.17 per thousand (standard mortality rate 4.02 per thousand ). The sequence of major causes of death was shown as below: malignant tumors, cerebrovascular diseases, respiratory system diseases, cardiac diseases, accidental deaths, infectious diseases, certain conditions originated in the perinatal period. In the life eliminated major cause of deaths, respiratory system diseases and certain conditions originated in the perinatal period were higher than others. In both sequences of YPLL and SYPLL for major causes of death, accidental death was always in the leading place. There was a higher longevity on residents from the better economic area.

CONCLUSIONSHigher life expectancy in the area was noticed, but the differences among the different area were bigger. In order to improve the level of health on all residents in the area, it is necessary to strengthen the administration on social and natural environment of the area. Furthermore, decreasing accidental deaths, controlling respiratory system diseases (especially for infant) and improving health care of infants in perinatal period are very important tasks in the area.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Cause of Death ; trends ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; Data Collection ; Female ; Health Status ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Life Expectancy ; trends ; Longevity ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Mortality ; trends ; Sex Factors ; Socioeconomic Factors

OBJECTIVETo analyze the mortality trends and disease burden of malignant tumors in rural area of Feicheng city from 2000 to 2010, and to provide basic information for the prevention and treatment of malignant tumors in this area.

METHODSThe data of cancer mortality from 2000 to 2010 from Feicheng Cancer Registry database were checked. Mortality rate, standardized mortality rate, potential years of life Iost (PYLL), standardized potential years of life lost (SPYLL), average years of life lost (AYLL) and other indexes were calculated and analyzed. The trend of the standardized rates transformed by the natural logarithm over time was assessed by Prais-Winsten regression method in which the errors was assumed to follow a first-order autoregressive process. STATA 12.0 was used to analyze the data.

RESULTSIn average, the crude mortality rate was 199.67 per 100 000 (264.69 per 100 000 in males and 137.24 per 100 000 in females), and the standardized mortality rate was 157.00 per 100 000 (200.49 per 100 000 in males and 101.31 per 100 000 in females). There were no significant changes in the trends of all standardized rates. For males, the mortality rates of lung and colorectal cancers increased significantly, and for females, the rates of lung and breast cancers had increased trend while the rate of esophageal cancer showed a downward trend. There were no statistically significant changes in other main malignant tumors. During 2000 to 2010, the PYLL of malignant tumors in Feicheng was 183 685.0 person-years, and PYLL rate was 23.3 per 1000. The SPYLL was 153 091.0 person-years, SPYLL rate was 19.4 per 1000, and AYLL was 14.8 years.

CONCLUSIONSThere are no obvious changes in the trends of standardized mortality rates in rural area of Feicheng over the past 11 years. For males, the mortality of lung cancer and colorectal cancer is increasing, and for females, the rates of lung and breast cancers have an increasing trend while the rate of esophageal cancer shows a decreasing trend. The prevention and control of digestive malignant tumors, lung cancer and breast cancer are getting seriously important and should be the focal point in this issue.

Breast Neoplasms ; mortality ; China ; epidemiology ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; mortality ; Esophageal Neoplasms ; mortality ; Female ; Humans ; Life Expectancy ; trends ; Lung Neoplasms ; mortality ; Male ; Neoplasms ; mortality ; Rural Population

Biomedical Research ; trends ; Child ; Child Nutrition Disorders ; Child, Preschool ; China ; Diet ; Humans ; Life Expectancy ; Malnutrition ; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Nutritional Status ; Overnutrition

Objective: To quantify the burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) deaths that attributed to metabolic disorders in population aged ≥25 years in Jiangsu province. Methods: The data we used were from the following three sources: 1) 2015 Jiangsu Chronic Disease Risk Factor and Nutrition Survey, 2) death surveillance, 3) results of the 2016 Global Burden of Disease Study, based on population attributable fractions (PAF), to analyze related parameters as mortality, years of life lost (YLL), life expectancy (LE) and premature mortality. Results: Most people died from ischemic stroke (IS) showed the standard mortality as 87.48/100 000. High SBP appeared as the major cause on CVD deaths. PAF with high cholesterol and high BMI decreased along with the increase of age while high fasting plasma glucose increased. Deaths due to ischemic heart diseases, IS or hemorrhagic stroke that attributed to metabolism disorders would reduce the LE by 1.08, 1.07 or 0.55 years, respectively. Males appeared to have higher YLL than females and were more likely to die from premature CVD, as the consequence of having metabolism disorders. Conclusions: Blood pressure control should be considered an important approach to reduce the burden of CVD. According to the characteristics of gender-related risks and the distinct impact of age-related metabolism disorders on different CVD diseases, stratified strategies should be strengthened for comprehensive prevention and control of CVD, in Jiangsu province.
Adult ; Blood Pressure ; Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology* ; Chronic Disease ; Cost of Illness ; Female ; Humans ; Life Expectancy ; Male ; Metabolic Diseases/epidemiology* ; Mortality/trends* ; Mortality, Premature ; Risk Factors

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the impact of major causes of death on changes of life expectancy in China.

METHODSLife expectancy was calculated by standard life table techniques using mortality data from the national censuses in 1990 and 2000 and the 1% National Population Sampling Surveys in 1995 and 2005. Mortality data about the major causes of death from VR-MOH were used as reference values to estimate their death proportions of the specific age groups by sex and regions, as well as all-cause mortality and age-specific mortality rates of major causes of death. Decomposition method was used to quantitatively evaluate the impact.

RESULTSThree key findings were identified in our study. First, China's health challenge was shifted from diseases related to living conditions to those related to behavior and lifestyle, with rural areas relatively lagged behind urban areas. Second, the impacts of cardiovascular diseases and neoplasm on the middle aged and elderly population were stressed. Third, compared to the urban population, the rural population tended to have increasing mortality of neoplasm and cardiovascular diseases, especially in adults at the age of 15-39 years.

CONCLUSIONFurther efforts should be made to reduce the incidence of neoplasm and cardiovascular diseases, especially in rural areas, by promoting healthy behavior and lifestyle and providing appropriate therapies for all patients in need.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Cause of Death ; trends ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Life Expectancy ; trends ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Rural Population ; Sex Characteristics ; Time Factors ; Urban Population ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the influence of extreme ambient temperature on mortality and years of life lost (YLL) in Chongqing.

METHODSThe daily mortality, meteorology and air pollution index data in Chongqing from the 1(st) January 2010 to the 31(st) December 2013 were collected. Distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM) was used to assess the influence of daily ambient temperature on daily number of deaths and daily YLL respectively. The delayed and cumulative effects of extreme temperature on sex, age, and cause-specific mortality were also assessed.

RESULTSThe relationships between ambient temperature and non-accidental, cardiovascular disease and respiratory disease mortalities and YLL were U-shaped or W-shaped. The effect of heat was obvious on that day, peaked on day 7, and lasted for two weeks, whereas the effect of cold was obvious a week later and lasted for a month. As 1 ℃ increase of ambient temperature, the cumulative relative risks (CRR) of high temperature across lag 0-7 days on non-accidental, respiratory disease and cardiovascular disease mortalities were 1.05 (95%CI: 1.03-1.07), 1.08 (95%CI: 1.05-1.11) and 1.05 (95%CI: 1.01-1.09) respectively. The effects of heat on YLL for each cause were 23.81 (95%CI: 12.31-35.31), 14.34 (95%CI: 8.98-19.70) and 4.43 (95%CI: 1.64-7.21), respectively. On cold days, 1 ℃ decrease of ambient temperature was correlated with an increase in CRR of 1.06 (95%CI: 1.04-1.08), 1.09 (95%CI:1.06-1.12) and 1.06 (95%CI: 1.02-1.11) from lag 0 to 14 for non-accidental, respiratory disease and cardiovascular disease mortalities, respectively. The estimated YLL were 23.34 (95%CI: 10.04-36.64), 16.39 (95%CI: 10.19-22.59) and 2.61 (95%CI: -0.61-5.82). People aged ≥65 years tend to have higher CRR and YLL than those aged <65 years. On high temperature days, the CRR in women was higher than that in men, while the YLL in women was lower than that in men. On low temperature days, both the CRR and YLL in women were higher than those in men.

CONCLUSIONSBoth high and low ambient temperature have adverse health effects. People aged ≥65 years are more sensitive to both high and low ambient temperature. Younger men are more sensitive to high ambient temperature and women and elder men are sensitive to low ambient temperature. It is necessary to take targeted measures to protect the population in Chongqing from the adverse influence of extreme ambient temperature.

Adult ; Aged ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; mortality ; China ; epidemiology ; Cold Temperature ; adverse effects ; Female ; Hot Temperature ; adverse effects ; Humans ; Life Expectancy ; trends ; Male ; Mortality ; trends ; Nonlinear Dynamics ; Respiratory Tract Diseases ; mortality ; Temperature