Protozoa of the genus Cryptosporidium are small coccidian parasite known to infect the mucosal epithelium of a variety of animals including human, causing fatal course in immunodeficient patients as well as self-limited illness in healthy individuals. Various life cycle stages including trophozoite, meront, merozoite, gametocyte and oocyst in infected mucosa are a diagnostic feature. Electron microscopy (EM) provides sufficient findings for genus and species identification of this parasitic organism. The authors presented scanning and transmission EM findings of Cryptosporidium parvum infection in two children: one with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and the other without any evidence of immune compromise.
Animals ; Child ; Cryptosporidium parvum ; Cryptosporidium* ; Epithelium ; Humans* ; Intestines* ; Life Cycle Stages ; Merozoites ; Microscopy, Electron ; Mucous Membrane ; Oocysts ; Parasites ; Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma ; Trophozoites

This study investigated the development characteristics of Dermacentor everestianus under laboratory conditions. The time taken for D. everestianus to complete the whole life cycle was 110.2 days on average, and the average developmental durations of larvae and nymphs were 17.1 days and 29.5 days, respectively. The summation of the prefeeding, feeding, and preoviposition periods of females was 17.8 days, and the oviposition and egg incubation lasted for 18.1 days and 27.7 days, respectively. A highly positive correlation was observed between the weight of engorged female and the number of egg mass laid (r=0.947). The reproductive efficiency index and the reproductive fitness index were 7.1 and 6.1, respectively.
Dermacentor* ; Female ; Genetic Fitness ; Humans ; Larva ; Life Cycle Stages* ; Nymph ; Oviposition ; Ovum

This article reviews Leptotrombidium deliense, including its discovery and nomenclature, morphological features and identification, life cycle, ecology, relationship with diseases, chromosomes and artificial cultivation. The first record of L. deliense was early in 1922 by Walch. Under the genus Leptotrombidium, there are many sibling species similar to L. deliense, which makes it difficult to differentiate L. deliense from another sibling chigger mites, for example, L. rubellum. The life cycle of the mite (L. deliense) includes 7 stages: egg, deutovum (or prelarva), larva, nymphochrysalis, nymph, imagochrysalis and adult. The mite has a wide geographical distribution with low host specificity, and it often appears in different regions and habitats and on many species of hosts. As a vector species of chigger mite, L. deliense is of great importance in transmitting scrub typhus (tsutsugamushi disease) in many parts of the world, especially in tropical regions of Southeast Asia. The seasonal fluctuation of the mite population varies in different geographical regions. The mite has been successfully cultured in the laboratory, facilitating research on its chromosomes, biochemistry and molecular biology.
Adult ; Asia, Southeastern ; Biochemistry ; Ecology ; Ecosystem ; Host Specificity ; Humans ; Larva ; Life Cycle Stages ; Mites ; Molecular Biology ; Nymph ; Ovum ; Scrub Typhus ; Seasons ; Siblings ; Trombiculidae

Sparganum is a parasite infesting principally in the cats or dogs, but human infestation was also not uncommonly reported. In Korea, the reported cases of sparganosis are over 70. We experienced a case of sparganosis in scrotum. This patient, 47 year-old man, had had episodes of intake raw snakes for 6 years as a tonic since 12 years before. The removed larvae of the parasite revealed milkish-white color, flat, and glistening appearance. Life cycle and route of infection of sparganum mansoni are discussed with review of the literatures.
Animals ; Cats ; Dogs ; Humans ; Korea ; Larva ; Life Cycle Stages ; Middle Aged ; Parasites ; Scrotum* ; Snakes ; Sparganosis* ; Sparganum

The family Thapariellidae has been reported in only 3 countries since 1990. The objective of this study was to identify Thapariella anastomusa metacercariae in snails in Thailand based on morphological traits using a light (LM) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). A total of 94 Filopaludina snails were collected and identified as 50 F. martensi martensi and 44 F. doliaris. Metacercariae of T. anastomusa were recovered from the snails by the crushing method. The overall prevalence was 22.3% (21/94), and the mean intensity was 17.0 per snail. The prevalence in F. martensi martensi was 24.0% (12/50) and F. doliaris 20.5% (9/44) with the mean intensity of 18.8 and 14.8 per snail, respectively. SEM revealed traits such as a concave ventral body and well-developed oral and ventral suckers. This study represents the first report of T. anastomusa in South East Asia. While LM and SEM observations provide novel insights into T. anastomusa metacercarial morphology and life history, the trematode’s life cycle remains unclear. To date, there has been no report of T. anastomusa causing infections in humans. However, the snails F. martensi martensi and F. doliaris carrying the infective stages of T. anastomosa are frequently consumed by Thai people. This consumption, particularly uncooked snails, may present a risk of Thapariella infections in humans.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Far East ; Humans ; Life Cycle Stages ; Metacercariae ; Methods ; Prevalence ; Snails ; Thailand

No abstract available.
Axis, Cervical Vertebra* ; Humans* ; Life Cycle Stages*

PURPOSE: This study measures the subjectivity on stressful life events of middle- aged women. METHOD: Q-Methodological method was used for that purpose. As for the research method, Q-statements were collected reliminary to the study of through in-depth interviews and a literature review. For the study 38 Q-statements were selected. There were 28 middle aged women as subjects for the research. Q-Factor Analysis by using PC Quanl Program to supply the material. RESULT: Through the result of this study, the stressful life events of middle-aged women could be identified by 4 types. The type I is called the conflict in relationship with husband's family members. The type II is called lack of marital intimacy. The type III is called low self-esteem. The type IV is called changing life cycle itself. CONCLUSION: Therefore, identifing the subjectivity on the stressful life events of middle-aged women would be a basic step for the understanding of middle aged women.
Female ; Humans ; Life Cycle Stages ; Middle Aged

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the suicide ideation effects of suicide prevention program. METHODS: Using several databases, studies were collected from March, 2012 to August, 2012. For the purpose of a systematic literature review, in this study analysis was done of pretested-posttested research among non-randomized studies utilizing suicide prevention program, and having set the intervention as the independent variable suicidal idea as a dependent variable. RESULTS: The result of interventions on suicide prevention showed a moderate effect at -0.72 (96% CI: -0.96, 0.48). For intervention types, reality therapy was most effective overall, while the life cycle was found to be most effective for young people (d=-1.57, 95% CI: -2.70, -0.43). The periods for the intervention on suicide prevention was shown to be most effective when it was repeated over 20 times (d=-1.55, 95% CI:-2.75, -0.35), and also it worked better for the risk group than a general group (d=-0.89, 95% CI: -1.26, 0.52). CONCLUSION: The findings of this study support basic data for interventions to prevent future suicide and the need for further development of prevention programs.
Life Cycle Stages ; Reality Therapy ; Suicide*

Taenia solium is a cestode parasite that infects various human organ systems and it causes several manifestations after ingestion of raw or undercooked pork that's infected with cysticerci. This infection is being now increasingly diagnosed in the more developed countries owing to immigration of tapeworm carriers from endemic zones, but intestinal perforation by parasite infection is a rare complication worldwide. Taenia solium has a complex two-host life cycle. Human beings are the only definitive host and they harbor the adult tapeworm, whereas both people and pigs can act as intermediate hosts and harbor the larvae or cysticerci. Although the majority of parasite-infected individuals are characterized by mild symptoms or none at all and this disease does no reveal overt morbidity, in certain circumstances this disease can lead to severe manifestations. Herein, we reported on two unusual cases of small bowel perforation caused by Taenia solium infection, and these patients were diagnosed at surgery. Efforts through antiparasitic treatment of endemic populations, development of pig vaccines and other measures that are underway will help control and eliminate this disease.
Adult ; Cestoda ; Developed Countries ; Eating ; Emigration and Immigration ; Humans ; Intestinal Perforation ; Larva ; Life Cycle Stages ; Parasites ; Swine ; Taenia solium* ; Taenia* ; Vaccines

We describe here the mass death of predatory carp, Chanodichthys erythropterus, in Korea induced by plerocercoid larvae of Ligula intestinalis as a result of host manipulation. The carcasses of fish with ligulid larvae were first found in the river-edge areas of Chilgok-bo in Nakdong-gang (River), Korea at early February 2016. This ecological phenomena also occurred in the adjacent areas of 3 dams of Nakdong-gang, i.e., Gangjeong-bo, Dalseong-bo, and Hapcheon-Changnyeong-bo. Total 1,173 fish carcasses were collected from the 4 regions. To examine the cause of death, we captured 10 wondering carp in the river-edge areas of Hapcheon-Changnyeong-bo with a landing net. They were 24.0-28.5 cm in length and 147-257 g in weight, and had 2-11 plerocercoid larvae in the abdominal cavity. Their digestive organs were slender and empty, and reproductive organs were not observed at all. The plerocercoid larvae occupied almost all spaces of the abdominal cavity under the air bladders. The proportion of larvae per fish was 14.6-32.1% of body weight. The larvae were ivory-white, 21.5-63.0 cm long, and 6.0-13.8 g in weight. We suggest that the preference for the river-edge in infected fish during winter is a modified behavioral response by host manipulation of the tapeworm larvae. The life cycle of this tapeworm seems to be successfully continued as the infected fish can be easily eaten by avian definitive hosts.
Abdominal Cavity ; Air Sacs ; Animals ; Body Weight ; Carps* ; Cause of Death ; Cestoda ; Korea ; Larva ; Life Cycle Stages ; Sparganum*