Emphysematous cystitis is a rare inflammation of the bladder, which can be life-threatening in severe cases. A senior gentleman with emphysematous cystitis was recently admitted to our hospital. He got bilateral renal hydronephrosis and bilateral terminal pneumatosis of the ureter. The comorbidity was prostatic hyperplasia and diabetes. After indwelling catheter , glucose levels control and anti-infection treatment for 3 days, the repeated CT showed the gas inside the bladder the end of ureter decreased significantly. The blood routine, urine routine, renal function was better than before. The patient was instructed to continue anti-infection treatment. The above laboratory examination indicators returned to normal after a week's re-examination.

BACKGROUND:Wide variation between individuals leads to instability of drug concentration that stil troubles transplant recipients. Therefore, individual therapy has always been a hot topic folowing transplantation. OBJECTIVE:To review the research progress in the genomics and gene polymorphism of the main categories of immunosuppressive drugs after kidney transplantation. METHODS:A computer-based search of Wanfang and PubMed databases was used to retrieve relevant articles published from January 2005 to August 2014. The keywords were “renal transplantation; immunosuppressant drugs; polymorphism; individual treatment” in Chinese and English, respectively. Finaly, 50 articles related to genomics and gene polymorphisms of immunosuppressive drugs after kidney transplantation were enroled in result analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Immunosuppressant drugs have been widely used among renal transplant recipients to decrease post-renal transplantation rejection rate and greatly improve the survival rate of renal transplant recipients. Because of its certain side effects and wide variation between individuals, therapeutic drug monitoring should be employed routinely after transplantation to keep blood levels within the therapeutic range. This monitor system is effective to avoid post-renal transplantation rejections and drug side effects to a certain extent. Research on the relationship between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics and genetic factors which combined with therapeutic drug monitoring provides possibility to give specific doses that wil improve efficacy while decrease side effects of immunosuppressive drugs, thereby further improving the long-term graft survival rate.