Objective To study the distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)on different diameter atmospheric particulates in winter and summer respectively. Methods Atmospheric particulates in the atmosphere of Hengyang urban districts were collected using DFJ-1 model five-stage classification air sampler in the winter and summer. The contents of PAHs on different diameter atmosphere particulates were detected by GC-MS. Results The PAHs were found on different diameter atmosphere particles. The PAHs contents in the atmosphere in the winter and summer were 161.42?140.72 ng/m3. 52.3% and 63.3% PAHs distributed in the fine partioulates with dicameter ≤2.0 ?m in the summer and winter. Conclusion The PAHs contents in the atmosphere during winter were higher than that during summer,and the PAHs were mainly distributed in the fine particulates with diameter≤2.0 ?m. The distribution characteristics of different kinds of PAHs on different diameter atmospheric particulates were not unanimous. The distribution of PAHs in winter changed significantly.

OBJECTIVE:To discuss the approach of drug pricing by applying the pharmacoeconomics evaluation.METHODS:Theory deductions together with demonstration analysis were performed based on the theory of pharmacoeco-nomics.RESULTS:In drug pricing for new drugs,the pharmacoeconomic evaluation should be conducted with suitable ref-erence drugs and suitable reference prices as references,meanwhile based on the results,the reported costs-based price should be reevaluated and adjusted accordingly.CONCLUSION:The rationality of drug pricing can be effectively improved through pharmacoeconomics evaluation.

Objective To investigate the curative effect of surgery,radiotherapy and photodynamic therapy combined with chemotherapy on early glottic carcinoma and prognostic factors.Methods Clinical data of 122 cases of early glottic carcinoma with Tis ~T2 N0 M0 were analyzed retrospectively.Small doses of chemotherapy applied to single drug cisplatin (according to the surface area of 50 mg/m2 ).83 patients underwent surgical treatments combined with chemotherapy,20 cases accepted radiotherapy combined with chemotherapy and 19 cases accepted photodynamic therapy combined with chemotherapy. Results The 3 and 5 years overall survival rates (overall survival,OS ) of surgery group,radiotherapy group and photodynamic group were 92.7%,93.8% and 89.5%,89.5% and 84.4% ,89.5%,respectively.The 2-year disease free survival rate (disease-freesurvival,DFS)were 87.6%,79.4%,78.6%,respectively.The 2-year local control rate(local control,LC)were 91.9%,84.4%,83.0%, respectively.27 cases suffered from tumor recurrence or metastasis,15 cases in the surgery group,3 cases in the radiotherapy group and 5 cases in the photodynamic group,among them 19 patients accepted salvage surgery.Multifactor retrospective analysis indicated anterior commissure invasion (P=0.047),clinical stage(P =0.018)and KPS score before treatment(P =0.001)were independent adverse prognostic factors for OS.Anterior commissure invasion(P=0.027)and differentiation degree(P=0.041)were adverse prognostic factors for DFS.Anterior commissure invasion was also poor prognostic features for LC(P=0.047).Conclusion Radiotherapy and photodynamic therapy combined with chemotherapy may be the first or very important treatment on early stage glottic squamous cell cancer(Tis ~T2N0M0 ).High preservation rate of laryngeal function with radiotherapy and photodynamic therapy combined with chemotherapy can significantly improved quality of life of patients.Curative effect of three groups was similar,and three kinds of curative methods achieved good effect.KPS score before treatment,glottis impair and differentiation degree were the main adverse prognostic factors for early stage glottic carcinoma.

ObjectiveTo assess the value of intraoperative cholangiography(IOC) for detecting bile duct injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.Methods31 cases of bile duct injuries were reviewed regarding the site of injury,mechanism,time of diagnosis,and the place of IOC was evaluated.ResultsBile duct injuries resulted from misidentification in 19 cases.In 12 of these 19 cases,the diagnosis was made by IOC.Primary laparoscopic repair or open repair and T-tube drainage solved the problem without postoperative complications.However,in 3 of the above 19 cases the result of IOC was misinterpreted and in 4 of the above 19 cases IOC was not performed.Two of the 7 patients had aberrant bile duct injuries, in all of them the diagnoses were delayed.There were two cases in which bile duct injury developed after an IOC.ConclusionsCorrect interpretation of IOC enables detecting bile duct injury caused by intraoperatively misidentification and consequent morbidity.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of Chinese botulinum toxin A(CBTX-A)injection in the treatment of motor tics in patients with tic disorder.Methods Twenty-five patients(20 male,5 female)were treated with CBTX-A in the sites of their most problematic motor tics.Before treatment the data of Yale Global Tic Severityb Scale(YGTSS)was collected.All patients were assessed at least 3 times after 1 week,4 weeks and within 12-month period.At each visit the following data were collected:YGTSS,Jankovic clinical rating scale,time to response,duration of response,global impression of changes by patients,presence of premonitory sensory tic component and side effects.Results Total number of treatment sessions was 29.The mean response time was 5.0 days.The mean duration of response was 4.6 months.The mean peak effect response in Jankovic clinical rating scale was 3.4.Based on YGTSS,62.1% (18/29)was rated as marked improvement,34.5%(10/29)as moderate improvement and only 3.4% (1/29)as no effect.85.7%(18/21)patients had less premonitory sensation symptoms(mean benefit 72.4%(20%-100%)).Weakness in the site of injection and rash were the main side effect. Conclusion CBTX-A is an effective and safe treatment for motor tics associated with tic disorder.

Objective To investigate the possibility of using 5-aminolevulinic acid(5-ALA)induced protoporphyrin IX(PpIX)for photodynamic therapy(PDT)of nasopharyngeal carcinoma(NPC)cell line CNE2 cultured in vitro.Methods CNE2 cells cultured were incubated in a medium containing various concentrations of 5-ALA(0.01,0.05,0.1,0.25,0.5,1.0,2.0,4.0mmol/L)for 6 hours,then illuminated with different light doses(20,10,5,2J/cm2)using a semiconductor laser at 630nm.After 6,12,24 hours incubation with 5-ALA-PDT,the survival rates of CNE2 cells were analyzed by MTT assay.Results 5-ALA-PDT may effectively kill the CNE2 cells.The killing degree was positively correlated with the incubation time after irradiation,concentration of 5-ALA and the dosage of radiation(P

Objective: To investigate the frequency , distribution and features of lymph node metastasis in lung cancer, and to provide evidence for lymph node dissection. Methods: 348 patients with lung cancer were retrospectively studied, all patients received R_3 surgery plus systemic lymph node dissection according to the mapping system developed by Naruke. Results: Total 3 689 groups of lymph nodes were dissected . The metastatic rates of N_1 and N_2 were 23.4% and 16.5%, respectively. N_1 or N_2 metastasis was not found in Tis tumor. There was a significant difference of N_2 metastasis rates between squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma in T_1 or T_2 tumor (P

Objective To investigate the photodynamic therapy(PDT)of human erythroleukemia cell line K562 and drug-resistance cell line K562/ADM using hexyl 5-aminolevulinate(He-ALA)in vitro.Methods Four groups were set:PDT group(photosensitizer with light irradiation),laser group(light irradiation only),dark-cytoxocity group(photosensitizer only)and normal control group(neither photosensitizer nor light irradiation).K562 cells and K562/ADM cells cultured were incubated with various concentrations of He-ALA(0.025,0.1,0.4 and 1.6mmol/L)for 4 hours,then illuminated with different light doses(4.5,9,18 and 36 J/cm2)using a laser with a wave length of 630nm.After 12 hours incubation,Wright's staining method was used to observe the cell's morphological changes,the survival rates of cells were analyzed by CCK8 assay,and the changes in colony-forming abilities of cells were analyzed by methylcellulose colony-forming assay.Results He-ALA or light irradiation alone had no evident cytotoxicity,while the application of He-ALA plus light irradiation effectively killed the leukemia cells.With the increase of the concentrations of He-ALA and the dosages of irradiation,the viability of cells decreased.Under the same conditions,the survival rate of K562 was significantly lower than that of K562/ADM(P

Objective To let students grasp comprehensive applied knowledge and the new development.Methods A special website was set up based on the traditional teaching.Results The special website could provide students with a quick,convenient and modern technology resource library.Conclusion The website can effectively help students consolidate and deepen the study of basic theory and technology of medical imaging equipment,and broaden their knowledge.

Objective To analyze the clinical characteristics of dopa-responsive dystonia (DRD). Methods The clinical characteristics and the causes of misdiagnosis in 15 patients with DRD were reviewed retrospectively.Results 4 male and 11 female patients were investigated in this study. The age at DRD onset was from 3~25 years old,the average age was 11.7 years old.The courses ranged from 2 to 29 years and the average was 12.1 years. The symptoms in female patients often aggravated during gravidity and delivery. Main clinical features included gait irregularity, postural instability and tremor, with marked diurnal fluctuation. The disease may be misdiagnosed as cerebral palsy, idiopathic torsion dystonia, essential tremor, parkinson's disease, neurosis and so on. All the patients in this study improved obviously in 2 weeks after therapy with low dose of Madopar, and recovered in 2~4 years of follow up.Conclusions Clinical diversity and diurnal fluctuation are the characteristics of DRD. Early trial treatment with low dose of Levodopa should be highly recommended for the generalized dystonia in children and untypical adults.