The SEM specimens of the blood vessels of the gall-bladder in the full term fetus were produced with the methyl methacrylate cast. The specimens were dryed and gilded with EIKO. IB-3. and then observed under scanning electron microscope. The microvessels of the wall of gall-bladder obviously were divided into three layers, namely: serous vessels, muscular vessels and mucous vessels. The serous and muscular vessels are similar to that of the intestinal canal. However the mucous vessels were characterized by subepithelial capillary networks and veins of large calibre in the lamina propria. The capillary networks were connected directly with the venous plexus by the capillaries. There are fewer arterioles passing and branching among the venous plexuses. Each arteriole was connected to capillary networks. The short capillary was seen frequently between the arterioles and the venous plexus, serving as communication between them.

Objective To evaluate the guiding effect of CT software to reduce the postoperative syndrome and surgery risk in patients with sinus disease performed the functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). Methods Fifty patients of accessory sinus disease were scanned by spinal CT, and then three dimensions reconstruction made in workstation. Under center of ethmoid sinus ,the five groups of anatomy data measured were obtained , used to guide surgery and contrasted with result of no used to guide surgery in 68 patients in FESS. The data were performed the statistical management and compared with results of FESS. Results Under guided by five groups of anatomy data measured ,the postoperative syndrome was reduced by 16.0 percent; the curative effect went up by 15.0 percent; the pay for hospital was reduced 31.0 percent and the recurrence rate was reduced 8.6 percent. Conclusion Used the technic in FESS, the surgery risk, the recurrence rate and pay for hospital are reduced, but the curative effect go up. The technic is much adapt to be used in village and towns hospital where there aren′t navigation equipment.

Objective To investigate the effects of flexible ureteroscopic lithotripsy and percutaneous nephrolithotomy for treating renal pelvis calculus.Methods The clinical diagnosis and treatment data in 65 patients with single renal pelvis calculus treated in department of urology surgery of our hospital from Jan.2013 to Jan.2016.Among them,33 casesas the group A adopted flexible ureteroscopic lithotripsy and 32 cases as the group B adopted percutaneous nephrolithotomy.The operative time,lithotripsy success rate,complications and average hospitalization time were compared between the two groups.Results In the renal pelvis calculus diameter ≥ 2 cm,the operation time and lithotripsy success rate in the group B were significantly better than those in the group A,but the intraoperative blood loss and average hospitalization time in the group A were significantly better than those in the group B,the differences were statistically significant (P＜0.05).In renal pelvis calculus diameter ≤2 cm,the lithotripsy successful rate had no statistically significant difference between the two groups (P＞0.05),but the group A was significantly better than the group B in the operative time,intraoperative blood loss and average hospitalization time (P＜0.05).Conclusion Renal pelvis calculus diameter ＜2 cm is suitable for selecting flexible ureteroscopic lithotripsy,but which ≥2 cm is suitable to select percutaneous nephrolithotomy.

In monkey submandibular gland there were two types of capillary networks, which were apparently different in calibre and architecture, i. e. the capillary networks around the acini and the capillary networks around the striated ducts. They originate from their respective precapillary arterioles stemed from intralobular terminal arterioles. Between the two types of capillary networks they are connected by both capillaries and postcapillary venules. The latter were called portal vessels. The capillary networks around the striated duct have two types of draining vessels. First, they converged to form postcapillary venules, which continued to form intralobular veins. Second, they directly continued to form the capillary networks around the intralobular ducts. The capillary networks around the intralobular ducts directly supplied blood through precapillary arteioles around the duct besides they connected respectively with the capillary networks around the acini and striated ducts through capillaries. Furthermore, a ring-shaped constriction was observed distinctly at the intralobular terminal arteriole.

BACKGROUND: There are many drawbacks with hormone replacement therapy for menopausal syndrome. The blood levels of 5-HT and norepinephrine are lower. Fluoxetine hydrochlorde(ProzacR) is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor which is widely used in treating anxiety and depression,OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of combined antidepressant and estrogen therapy compared to estrogen alone in the treatment of perimenopausal syndrome in this prospective open study.DESIGN: Randomized comparative study.SETTING: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University PARTICIPANTS: From November 2003 to December 2004, 60 female patients with diagnosed menopausal syndrome of 3-12 month duration, aged (46±3) years, from Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University were enrolled into the study after giving their informed consents. The patients were randomly divided into two equal groups with Group 1 (n=30) receiving a combination of antidepressant + estrogen and Group 2 (n=30) receiving estrogen only.METHODS: Patients in Grgup 1 received fluoxetine hydrochloride (ProzacR) 20 mg orally every morning plus oral estradiol 1 mg once every two weeks for 2 months. Patients in Group 2 received only oral estradiol 1 mg once every two weeks for two months. Patients were not taking any other drug during the treatment period. At the end of two month treatment all patients were evaluated with the following 3 assessment tools: ①female menopausal symptom evaluation with the following 4 categories: Complete symptom relief, markedly improved, improved and no effect. Overall efficacy was defined as 50% symptom improvement. ② Hamilton Depression Scale which reflects energy level and psychosomatic factor of sleep and anxiety. ③Menopause index: Which are description of clinical evaluation and adverse effects; this would help to assess the safety of using both drugs in treating the menopausal syndrome.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: female menopausal symptom assessment, hamilton depression scale, and menopause index.RESULTS: ① In female menopausal symptom assessment group 1 showed better results in the complete relief and markedly improved scores. ②Hamilton Depression Scale group 1 also showed better scores than Group2(In Groupl, the scores at week 1 to 8 were 25,18,15,10,8,5,5,4 respectively ,in Group 2, the scores at week 1 to 8 were 25,17,15,14,13,12,13,13 respectively). ③ Group 3 showed a significant better score in the menopausal index with improvement in sleep disorder, anxiety and depression than Group 2 (In Group 1 the scores at week 1-8 were 32,22.5,15,15,14,15,15,14 respectively,In group 2, the scores at week 1 to 8were 33,21,16,14,13,12,13,13 respectively) ,there was no significant difference of incidence of adverse events as compared with Group 3 .CONCLUSION: Combined therapy of fluoxetire hydrochlarde(PROZAC)plus estrogen showed better efficacy in the treatment of menopausal syndrome than estrogen alone.

The microvasculature of monkey parotid gland was observed by scanning electron microscope. The capillary networks around the acini were loose and the capillary networks around the ducts were dense and sinusoidal in type. The capillary networks around both the acini and intercalated duct and sinusoidal capillary networks around both the striated duct and intralobular duct were supplied by the blood passing through the acinar or duct arterioles from interlobular and intralobular artery. The capillary networks around the acini showed three draining forms: (1) draining into the vein directly; (2) draining into the capillary network around the striated duct through capillaries; (3) draining into the capillary network around the striated duct through venules. The latter form (venules) is named as "portal system". The capillary networks around the striated duct showed two draining forms: (1) they continued to form the capillary network around the intralobular duct; (2) they converged into venules which accompanied by the intralobular duct. The arterio-venous anastomoses were not observed in the parotid gland. However, arterio-arterial and venovenous anastomoses were found in interlobular region.

Objective To investigate the relationship between carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and coronary atherosclerosis plaque through coronary CT angiography (CTA) in asymptomatic individuals.Methods Two hundred and fifty cases with CTA screened were selected in asymptomatic individuals,and according to the inspection result they were divided into no plaque group (detection of no coronary atherosclerosis plaque,180 cases) and plaque group (detection of coronary atherosclerosis plaque,70 cases).All cases were checked carotid IMT with B-ultrasonic.Results ANOVAs analysis showed that age and body mass index (BMI) had significant correlation with coronary atherosclerosis plaque (P ＜ 0.05).x2 test was used to show the smoking and family history of coronary heart disease had significant correlation with coronary atherosclerosis plaque (P ＜ 0.05).Univariate Logistic regression analysis showed that carotid IMT,systolic pressure,diastolic pressure,low density lipoprotein cholesterol,fasting serum glucose and creatinine had significant correlation with coronary atherosclerosis plaque (P ＜ 0.05).Multifactor Logistic regression analysis showed that carotid IMT had correlation with coronary atherosclerosis plaque (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion There is significant relationship between carotid IMT and coronary atherosclerosis plaque in asymptomatic individuals.

Objective To develop a simple microfluidic chip technology for analyzing the electrotaxis of cancer cells . Methods The basic structure of the proposed microfluidic electrotaxis chip included a straight microchannel and liquid storage pools located on both sides of the microchannel .Two platinum electrodes were inserted into the liquid pools to create a controllable direct current ( DC ) field in the microchannel .The distribution and strength of the DC field in the microchannel was analyzed by the finite element analysis software COMSOL multiphysics and experiment tests .Finally, the electrotactic behavior of the rhabdomyosarcoma RD cells in the DC field of different strength was characterized using the accumulated distance, average velocity, x forward migration index ( xFMI) and y forward migration index ( yFMI) as quantitative parameters.Results The results of element analysis and experiments showed that the structure of the designed microfluidic electrotaxis chip was able to guarantee a uniform and strength-controllable DC field in the microchannel .The experiment of cell electrotaxis showed that the RD cells migrated toward the anode of the DC field .Meanwhile , the values of xFMI and accumulated distance for RD cells increased with the enlargement of the DC field , with the strength ranging from 188 to 1320 V/m.Conclusion The microfluidic chip technology developed in this paper for assaying the electrotaxis of cancer cells is simple and easily implementable , and it can be used for studies of the electrotactic behavior and underlying mechanisms of various cancer cells and normal cells in the future .

Objective On basis of physical dose optimization, LQ model was used to investigate the difference between the curves of biological effective dose and physical isodose. The influence of applying the biological dose concept on three dimensional conformal radiotherapy of prostate carcinoma was discussed. Methods Four treatment plannings were designed for physical dose optimization: three fields, four-box fields, five fields and six fields. Target dose uniformity and protection of the critical tissue -rectum were used as the principal standard for designing the treatment planning. Biological effective dose (BED) was calculated by LQ model. The difference between the BED curve drawn in the central layer and the physical isodose curve was studied. The difference between the adjusted physical dose (APD) and the physical dose was also studied. Results Five field planning was the best in target dose uniformity and protection of the critical tissue -rectum. The physical dose was uniform in the target, but the biological effective doses revealed great discrepancy in the biological model. Adjusted physical dose distribution also displayed larger discrepancy than the physical dose unadjusted. Conclusions Intensified Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT) technique with inversion planning using biological dose concept may be much more advantageous to reach a high tumor control probability and low normal tissue complication probability.

Objective To evaluate the preoperative liver function and prognosis of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) in patients with cirrhosis,using the Child-Turcotte-Pugh classification and the model for end-stage liver disease(MELD) score.Methods From January 2009 to June 2013,973 patients who were admitted to the Department of General Surgery of our hospital and the HuiZhou Municipal Central Hosptial were studied.Of the 373 patients with cirrhosis,38 patients were excluded because of Child C,MELD ＞ 30,or laparotomy.The remaining 335 patients who received laparoscopic cholecystectomy were randomly divided into two groups The Child grade and MELD score were retrospectively analyzed.Results There was no significant difference in intraoperative hemorrhage between the Child A group [(106 ± 11) ml] and the Child B group [(109 ± 11) ml] (P ＞ 0.05).The R ＜ 14 scores in the MELD group [(58 ± 15) ml] was significantly lower than that in the R≥ 14 group [(120 ± 28) ml] (P ＜ 0.01).There was no significant difference in postoperative complications between the Child group A (10 cases,12％) and the Child group B (17 cases,21％) (P ＞0.05).There was a significantly lower incidence in the R ＜ 14 scores in the MELD group (10 cases,12％) than the R ≥ 14 group (27 cases,33％) (P ＜ 0.05).There was also no significant difference in the hospital stay between the Child A group (9 ± 1) and the Child B group (10 ± 2)(P ＞0.05) ; the R ＜ 14 score of the MELD group (7 ± 1) was significantly less than that of the R≥ 14 group (11 ±2) (P ＜0.01).There was no significant difference in the cost of hospitalization between the Child A group (1.337 ± 0.063) and the Child B group (1.359 ± 0.089) (P ＞ 0.05) ; the R ＜ 14 group (MELD score 1.108 ± 0.123) was significantly less than that of the R ≥ 14 group (1.568-± 0.117)(P ＜ 0.01).Conclusion Compared with the Child-Turcotte-Pugh classification,the MELD score was more scientific,objective and accurate in judging the preoperative liver function.It helped to predict the amount of intraoperative hemorrhage and postoperative morbidity,reduced hospital stay and hospitalization expenses.Therefore,the MELD scoring system more objectively guided the treatment of patients with cholecystitis with cirrhosis.