With extensive use of decoration materials in the resent years,increasing attention has been paid to the female reproductive toxicity resulted from formaldehyde.The epidemiology studies demonstrate that formaldehyde can cause menstrual disorder,reduction of reproductive ability,low birth weight and so on.The toxicology studies show that formaldehyde may produce toxic effects on the reproductive organs and germ cells.A review of recent epidemiological and toxicological researches was presented in this paper.

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OBJECTIVETo analyze the outcome among HIV-infected children following antiretroviral treatment in Shandong province.

METHODSFrom the national AIDS antiviral treatment database during April 2009 and December 2013, 50 children who were according to antiviral treatment in Shandong province were classified as the cases. Regular follow-up observation and test were conducted among children under antiretroviral therapy before treatment,0.5(th), 1(th), 2(th), 3(th), 6(th), 9(th), 12(th) months after treatment, and then one time after every 3 months follow-up after one year. The height and weight of the children under antiretroviral therapy and normal children (2010 national student physical health survey results)were compared during different times. And the height and weight of the follow-up period of situation, the CD4(+)T cell count and viral load, regular physical examination results, the incidence of opportunistic infections were compared with baseline data.

RESULTSAmong the 50 children under antiviral therapy, male accounted for 54.0% (27/50) , female 46.0% (23/50) , the youngest was 2 years of age, the oldest was 15 years old, and all of them were transmitted by the mother-to-child route and none received mother-to-child prevention. The shortest treatment time lasted five months, the longest 61 months, with a median 25 months. The height of the baseline, 12(th), 24(th), 36(th) months after antiviral treatment were ( 111.9 ± 23.4), (118.1 ± 20.9), (127.1 ± 13.9), (135.4 ± 10.2)cm, and weigh were ( 20.6 ± 8.7), (23.8 ± 6.3), (27.8 ± 7.2), (30.7 ± 5.5) kg, respectively. The height and weight of the treated children were higher than those in the baseline (P < 0.05), but lower than those among the children without HIV infection. The CD4(+)T lymphocytes level of the baseline, 3(th), 6(th), 12(th), 24(th), 36(th) months after antiviral treatment were 224.0, 279.5, 465.0, 581.0, 640.0, 728.0/µl, the CD4(+)T lymphocytes level after antiviral treatment were higher than the baseline (P < 0.05). Hemoglobin and AST were significantly different between children received treatment after 24 months and those in the baseline (P < 0.05), baseline and 24(th) months after treatment the hemoglobin value were (106.6 ± 22.2), (125.2 ± 5.8), and the AST measurements were (42.1 ± 23.1), (23.4 ± 15.6). Baseline and 12(th), 24(th) months after treatment, the median of viral load were 10 000.0, 105.0,0.0 copies/ml , and the ratio of viral load ≤ 400 copies/ml were 50% (4/8) , 65% (22/34) , 88% (14/16) , respectively, the results of viral load had significant difference among 12(th), 24(th) months after antiviral treatment and baseline (P < 0.05). The incidence of opportunistic infections was 62% (31/50) before treatment, and 12% (6/50) after the antiviral therapy.

CONCLUSIONAntiviral therapy can effectively improve the immunity and reduce the incidence of opportunistic infections which is helpful to improve the quality of life among HIV-infected children following antiretroviral treatment in Shandong province.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections ; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; Adolescent ; Anti-HIV Agents ; Body Height ; Body Weight ; CD4 Lymphocyte Count ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; Female ; HIV Infections ; Humans ; Male ; Quality of Life ; Treatment Outcome ; Viral Load

Objective: To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of HIV/AIDS infected students in Shandong Province, to provide a basis for the prevention and control of AIDS transmission in the student population. Methods: All 863 HIV/AIDS students cases during 2010-2019 were collected in Shandong Province. Epidemiological characteristics was described and the trends in the 10 years since 2010 was analyzed. Results: These 863 HIV/AIDS students were mainly transmitted through homosexual sex (763 cases, 88.41%), and the samples were mainly from voluntary consultation testing (433 cases, 50.17%). From 2010 to 2019, the proportion of student cases in the total number of cases showed an increasing trend ( χ 2 trend =30.21, P <0.01). Among them, the proportion of homosexual transmission cases increased year by year ( χ 2 trend =6.35, P =0.01), the proportion of cases aged 18-22 years increased year by year ( χ 2 trend =6.10, P =0.01), the proportion of cases with college degree or above increased year by year ( χ 2 trend =4.26, P =0.04). At present, voluntary consultation testing were the main source.There was no significant difference between the years of sample sources ( χ 2 trend =2.97, P =0.09). Conclusion The report number of students in Shandong Province are on the rise in recent years, especially those infected by same sex transmission, mainly with high education background, which calls for targeted strategies and intervention measures.

Objective: To analyze the epidemic features of male HIV-infected and AIDS patients by sexual transmission in Shandong Province. Methods: Data on HIV-infected people and AIDS patients (HIV/AIDS) were derived from HIV/AIDS Comprehensive Response Information Management System. To analysis the epidemiological data of male HIV/AIDS by sexual transmission reported in Shandong Province from 1997 to 2016. Results: A total of 8 584 HIV/AIDS were reported by heterosexual transmission or homosexual transmission from 2007 to 2016. 2 421 cases were reported by heterosexual transmission and 6 163 cases were reported by homosexual transmission. Among cases infected by heterosexual transmission. The average age of cases infected by heterosexual transmission was (38.13±12.39) and (31.62±10.22) among cases who infected by homosexual transmission (t=24.95, P<0.001). 84 cases were reported by homosexual transmission and 138 cases by heterosexual transmission from 2007 to 2008, and 6 079 cases were reported by homosexual transmission and 2 283 cases by heterosexual transmission from 2009 to 2016. A total of 770 cases were dead after reported. Among the dead cases, 337 cases were infected by homosexual transmission and 433 cases by heterosexual transmission (χ²=328.21, P<0.001). 61.4% of the dead cases by heterosexual transmission were no longer than 6 months after reported and 54.3% in homosexual transmission (χ²=3.96, P=0.047). Conclusion Homosexual transmission has been the main transmission of HIV/AIDS in Shandong Province. Epidemiological features and social demographic characteristics of each sexual transmission were different. As part of HIV cases developed to death in 6 months.

Objective: To describe the confirmation process and long-term follow-up results of 1 case of HIV with long term progression. Methods: The subject was a HIV infected man aged 27 years old. The first HIV antibody positive was detected by ELISA in August 7^th, 2013. Close contacts were identified as 3 homosexual partners who had been contacted before infection and the first sexual partner had been unable to get in touch. Adopting the first epidemiological survey questionnaire of AIDS comprehensive prevention and control information system in China, the investigators conducted face-to-face surveys on the general demographic characteristics and behavioral characteristics of the subject. After the first ELISA test result was positive, 4 rapid detections of colloid selenium, ELISA, western-blot, CD4⁺T and viral load test were followed up (August 14^th, 21^st, 30^th and September 16^th, 2013). Long term follow-up was performed to detect CD4⁺T and viral load to observe the progress of the case after the diagnosis of infection. Results: The duration of sexual behavior was from 2011 to 2012 between the subject and his 1^st sexual partner. During the study, repeated HIV antibody ELISA test results were negative. Sexual behavior maintained from January to April 2013 between the subject and his 2^nd partner and the last one unprotected homosexual acts took place in April 2013. After the traceability survey, the 2^nd sexual partner was an AIDS patient who had antiretroviral therapy in the anti HIV treatment module of AIDS comprehensive prevention information system. The subject and his 3^rd partner maintained their sexual behavior from May to October 2013. The two ELISA tests of the 3^rd partner were negative. Because of the need for hospital operation in August 7, 2013, the subject was tested for HIV antibody by ELISA and the result was positive while western blot test showed that the HIV-1 antibody was not confirmed (band type was gp160/gp120/p24). In the subsequent follow-up, 4 rapid detections of colloid selenium, ELISA and western-blot were conducted and all the results were positive (western-blot band type was gp160/gp120/gp41/p24/p17). Results of continuous follow-up for 5 years showed that the first four CD4⁺T cell counts were as follows: 520, 616, 834, 879. The following 22 CD4⁺T counts sustained at a high level and the median was 895 cells/μl. A total of 5 follow-up visits were conducted to detect viral load exceeding 1 000 copies/ml and the remaining 19 test results were lower than 1 000 copies/ml except that no viral load was detected in 2 follow-up visits. The result of homology analysis showed that the HIV types of the case and its 2^nd sexual partner were all HIV-1 CRF_01AE. The similarity of gag region gene was 97.5%. So we inferred that the 2^nd sexual partner was its source of infection, and the case was infected at the end of April 2013 with the last unprotected homosexual behavior. Conclusion The infected person was found to be an early HIV infection. Continuous follow-up test results indicated that the case belonged to a HIV long-term nonprogressor.

A survey was conducted to analyze the HIV testing status and related influencing factors of male sexually transmitted diseases(STD) patients attending 18 county-level hospitals in Shandong Province from July 2015 to August 2016. The HIV detection rate of 1 570 subjects was 77.58% (1 218/1 570), and the HIV-antibody positive rate was 0.99% (12/1 218). Compared with general hospitals patients, urinary and anorectal patients, non-sexual patients, and patients with negative attitudes toward HIV testing, patients were more likely to be tested for HIV from specialized hospitals (OR=3.74, 95%CI:2.53-5.54), the skin and venereal section (OR=1.92, 95%CI: 1.31-2.79), the STD group (OR=2.02, 95%CI: 1.34-3.03) and patients with positive attitude (OR=15.20, 95%CI:10.74-21.52).

Objective: To identify high risk behaviors and infection related factors among young adult males diagnosed with HIV/AIDS in Shandong Province, to provide evidence for targeted AIDS prevention and control strategies. Methods: By using convient sampling method, an face to face in depth interview on HIV related behaviors was conducted among young adult males newly diagnosed with HIV/AIDS in Shandong Province in July 2021. Results: A total of 31 young adult males diagnosed with HIV/AIDS were interviewed. All were male and infected through homosexuality behavior. Average age was (20.6±1.8) years. Totally 90.3% (28/31) were enrolled in tertiary education at the time of diagnosis. The findings revealed that 93.5% (29/31) of participants got infection due to unprotected homosexual behavior with the temporary partner whose HIV infection status was unknown, and 86.2% (25/29) got in touch with these temporary partner by social software. The awareness rate of knowledge about AIDS among all the participants was 100%, however, 83.9% (26/31) reported occasion condom usage while having homosexual behavior, and 16.1% (5/31) never did. Totally 74.2% (23/31) of the young adult males diagnosed with HIV/AIDS had a history of HIV testing before diagnosis. Conclusion The primary high risk behavior of HIV infection in young adult students are unawareness of HIV infection status for temporary sexual partner and the separation of knowing and doing. A targeted strategy should be developed to control the spread of HIV in young adult students.

China ; Demography ; HIV Infections ; HIV-1 ; Homosexuality, Male ; Humans ; Male

OBJECTIVETo analyze survival time of AIDS death cases receiving Antiretroviral Therapy and related factors.

METHODSA retrospective cohort study was carried out to collect the data on death cases receiving Antiretroviral Therapy by the National HIV/AIDS Comprehensive Response Information Management System. Kaplan-Meier was used to calculate the median survival time, and compare survival time among different groups of age, sex, marriage status, infectious routes, WHO clinical stage, baseline CD4(+)T cell counts, and interval time from the start of ART to HIV confirmation. Life table and survival curve were applied to describe survival distribution. Cox proportional hazard model was used to determine the factors associated with the survival time.

RESULTSAmong 142 AIDS death cases, 125 (88.03%) were related with AIDS and 17(11.97%) were not. The total median survival time was 3.100 months (95%CI: 2.279-3.921). The cumulative survival rate was (52 ± 4)%, (33 ± 4)%, (26 ± 4)% in the first 3 months, 3-6 months, and 6-12 months. The median survival time of married or cohabitation group was 2.670 months (95%CI:1.470-3.870), and single (unmarried, divorced, separation, widowed) group was 5.870 months (95%CI: 2.617-9.123). The median survival time of WHO clinical stage I or II group was 5.870 months (95%CI: 3.989-7.751), and WHO clinical stage III or IV group was 1.700 months (95%CI: 0.885-2.515). The median survival time of baseline CD4(+)T cell counts ≤ 50 /µl group was 1.670 months (95%CI: 0.759-2.581), and 51-199 /µl group was 4.400 months (95%CI: 2.735-6.065), and ≥ 200/µl group was 7.100 months (95%CI: 0.000-14.542). The survival time was significantly different among different baseline marital status groups, different WHO clinical stage groups, and different CD4(+)T cell counts groups. The mortality risk of Single (unmarried, divorced, separation, widowed) group was 0.641 times of the risk in married or cohabitation group. The mortality risk of WHO clinical stage III or IV was 1.856 times of the risk in stage I or II. The mortality risk of baseline CD4(+)T cell counts 51-199 /µl group was 0.582 times of the risk in ≤ 50 /µl group, and ≥ 200 /µl group was 0.551 times of the risk in ≤ 50 /µl group.

CONCLUSIONThe total median survival time was relatively short. Most AIDS deaths happened in the first 3 months or 3-6 months after they received Antiretroviral Therapy, and the mortality trend slowed down in the following months. Married or cohabitation, low-baseline CD4(+)T cell counts, or WHO clinical stage III or IV were found to be the risk factors associated with AIDS death cases receiving Antiretroviral Therapy.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active ; CD4 Lymphocyte Count ; Cohort Studies ; Disease Progression ; HIV Infections ; Humans ; Marital Status ; Proportional Hazards Models ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Survival Rate