Object To study the degree of deacetylation of chitosan and its residual amount left over in the clarified products when chitosan was used as a clarificant. Methods The free amino group in the deacetylated chitosan was determined by linear titration. Results The degree of deacetylation of chitosan was found to be about 80%. The residual amounts left over in the clarified products were lower than 10 -4 . Conclusion The results suggested that it is feasible to use chitosan as a clarificant for refining water extract of TCM.

AIM: To study the transdermal permeability of ephedra extract. METHODS: With Valia Chien diffusion cell to the transdermal experiments are used to observe the effect of different factors on the transdermal permeability. RESULTS: Its transdermal resorption constant increased with the increase of the concentration of ephedrine and ephedra extract. pH value of the diffusioin medium could influence ephedrine permeability. CONCLUSION: The result can offer reference in preparation for Ephera (targeting drug delivery system) (TDS).

Object The permeability of integerrimine was studied in vitro to design its anticancer preparations Methods Vilia Chien diffusion cells were adopted as apparatus for in vitro skin permeation, nude mouse skins were used as permeation barrier and permeation coefficient (P) was calculated The concentrations of integerrimine in samples were measured by RP HPLC, and the effects of Azone, 4% Tween 80, 8% propylene glycol on it were studied Results Its P is 1 184?10 -2 cm/h with water solution as donor and pH 6 8 PBS as receptor Its enhancement rate (ER) of 2% Azone and 8% propylene glycol is 2 8 and 1 5, while Tween 80 inhibits its penetration Conclusion Integerrimine is a good candidate of antiskin cancer for transdermal drug delivery, and the optimal formulation can be designed according to the experiments

Objective: To study the effects of clarificant chitosan on contents of zinc,manganese,calcium and heavy metal lead in the water extraction liquid of chinese herbal medicines. Methods: The contents of these elements were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.Results: The results indicated that the chitosan clarification could raise the transfer rate of some inorganic elements such as zinc,manganese and calcium as compared with water extraction and alcohol precipitation method,And it could also reduce the amount of heavy metal lead.Conclusion: chitosan as a clarificant is promising in the field of refining water extraction liquid of chinese herbal medicines.

AIM: The gel vehicle was optimized by release and transdermal resorption of integerrimine in vitro in order to design its anti-cancer transdermal drug delivery system. METHODS: The releasing rate was detected by dissolution Vilia-Chien diffusion cells, nude mouse skin were used as permeation barrier, the concentration of integerrimine in samples was measured by RP-HPLC. RESULTS: Integerrimine releases of three different vehicles conformed to Higuchi equation, the releasing rate of CMC-Na gel is faster than that of HPMC gel, and that of Carbopol gel is the slowest in three, and corresponded with zero kinetic equation. CONCLUSION: HPMC is an drug vehicle of choice.

Objective To explore the effects of needle retractable syringe.Methods 400 patients undergoing injection treatment were randomly divided into the experiment group and the control group in equal number.The conventional syringe was used in the control group and the needle retractable syringe was adopted.The pains in the patients,time for puncturing and incidence of puncturing-induced injuries were compared between two groups.Result The pains,time for puncturing and incidence of puncturing-induced injuries in the observation group were all significantly lower than those of the control group(all P < 0.05). Conclusion Needle retractable syringes may help to alleviate the pain,reduce the workload of nurses and lower the incidence of needle stick injuries.

Objective To investigate the level and influencing factors of PICC catheter patients' willingness to participate in patient safety. Methods A total of 198 PICC catheter patients were sampled from the targeted hospital by convenience sampling,and investigated by the Patient Participate Patient Safety Willingness and Behavior Scale ( PSWBS). Results The PSWBS score of PICC catheter patients was 3.73 ± 0.52 , including initiative willingness 4.13 ± 0.54, initiative tendency 3.82 ± 0.49, attention for technique level 3.70 ± 0.50, attention for environmental safety 3.27 ± 0.48. Among these factors, age(F=14.75, P<0.01), education degree(F=9.588, P<0.01), occupation(25.070, P<0.01), residence(t=8.570, P<0.01)and complications(t=8.880, P<0.01)were the influencing facts with statistical difference (P<0.05) . Conclusions Most of the patients have a high willingness to participate in patient safety , the distribution of impact factors have certain characteristics. Clinical nurses should take targeted nursing measures according to these different characteristics.

Objective:To assess the differences in multidimensional clinical manifestations between patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) matching the Rome Ⅲ criteria but not matching Rome Ⅳ and IBS patients matching the Rome Ⅳ criteria, among patients diagnosed with IBS according to Rome Ⅲ criteria.Methods:From November 2016 to October 2017, a total of 472 IBS patients admitted to six hospitals were selected, which included Union Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology (139 cases), Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine of Zhejiang University (95 cases), the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University (96 cases), the Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University (90 cases), the People′s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (20 cases), and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi′an Jiaotong University (32 cases). The 472 IBS patients were divided into the group that matching the Rome Ⅳ criteria (Rome Ⅳ group), and the group that matching the Rome Ⅲ criteria but not matching the Rome Ⅳ criteria (Rome Ⅲ group). The basic characteristics (IBS course, post-infectious IBS, history of smoking or drinking, etc.), abdominal symptoms, and defecation-related symptoms of two groups were compared and analyzed by face-to-face questionnaires. Multi-dimensional clinical manifestations assessment was completed by questionnaires, which included gastrointestinal symptom rating scale (GSRS), irritable bowel syndrome-severity scoring system (IBS-SSS), irritable bowel syndrome-quality of life (IBS-QOL), and hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS). Independent sample t-test, rank sum test, and chi-square test were used for statistical analysis. Results:There were 344 patients (72.9%) in Rome Ⅳ group and 128 patients (27.1%) in Rome Ⅲ group. The IBS course of patients in Rome Ⅳ group was longer than that in Rome Ⅲ group (3.0 years (7.0 years) vs. 2.0 years (5.7 years)), and the difference was statistically significant ( Z=-2.73, P=0.006). The GSRS scores of loose stools and abdominal pain of IBS patients in Rome Ⅳ group were higher than those in Rome Ⅲ group, and the GSRS scores of increased exhaust and abdominal distension of IBS patients in Rome Ⅳ group were lower than those in Rome Ⅲ group (3.0(2.0) vs. 2.0(4.0), 3.0(2.0) vs.1.0(2.0), 1.5(3.0) vs. 2.0(3.0), 1.0 (3.0) vs. 2.0(3.0)), and the differences were statistically significant ( Z=-2.48, -9.90, -2.11 and -2.06, P=0.013, <0.001, =0.035 and =0.040). The proportions of fatigue and dizziness of IBS patients in Rome Ⅳ group were higher than those in Rome Ⅲ group (58.4% (201/344) vs. 43.0% (55/128), 30.8% (106/344) vs. 29.7% (38/128)), and the differences were statistically significant ( χ2=8.37 and 12.36, P=0.004 and <0.001). The scores of anxiety and depression subscales of the HADS of IBS patients in Rome Ⅳ group were higher than those in Rome Ⅲ group (6.5 (6.8) vs. 6.0 (6.0), 5.0 (6.0) vs. 3.0 (5.0)), and the differences were statistically significant ( Z=-2.58 and -2.40, P=0.010 and 0.017). The scores of IBS-SSS scale, abdominal pain severity, abdominal pain frequency, and impact on quality of life of IBS patients in Rome Ⅳ group were all higher than those in Rome Ⅲ group (249.5 (108.0) vs. 177.0 (111.8), 50.0 (25.0) vs. 20.0 (30.0), 50.0 (70.0) vs. 10.0 (30.0), 66.0 (42.0) vs. 42.5 (34.0)), and the differences were statistically significant ( Z=-7.79, -9.64, -10.65 and -2.48, P<0.001, <0.001, <0.001 and =0.013). The score of IBS-QOL for behavioral disorder of IBS patients in Rome Ⅳ group was lower than that in Rome Ⅲ group (74.5±21.6 vs. 79.2±17.7), and the difference was statistically significant ( t=-2.22, P=0.027). Conclusion:The clinical symptoms of patients mathching the Rome Ⅳ criteria are more typical and severe, as compared with those of IBS patients matching the Rome Ⅲ criteria but not matching the Rome Ⅳ criteria.