Objective:To analyze the awareness rate of obesity risk factors among children and adoles-cents, and to provide the basis for preventing their obesity. Methods: The students selected by using stratified cluster sampling method, were measured for the body height, weight, and waist circumference, and were surveyed for the awareness rate of obesity risk factors by using the questionnaire. The distribu-tion characteristics of awareness on obesity risk factors were analyzed. Results: The awareness rate of obesity risk factors was 74 . 1%, and there was no significant difference on the awareness rate of obesity risk factors between the males [71. 2% (247/347)] and females [77. 2% (257/333)], the abdominal obesity students [73. 5% (202/275)] and non-abdominal obesity students [74. 6% (302/405)], the overall obesity students [74. 3% (185/249)] and non-overall obesity students [74. 0% (319/431)], re-spectively. However, the awareness rate of obesity risk factors among the primary school students was 81. 9% (272/332) that was higher than that of the middle school students [66. 7% (232/348)] (P<0. 05). Compared with the primary school students, the non-awareness risk of obesity risk factors would in-crease among the middle school students (OR=2. 23, P<0. 05). Conclusion:The overall awareness rate of obesity risk factors is not high among children and adolescents, especially among middle school students.

OBJECTIVETo analyze the differences in anthropometric measurements between Mongolia and Han girls and understand the characteristics of their physical development in two ethnic groups.

METHODSThe data on anthropometric measurements of Mongolia and Han girls aged 9-17 years in Inner Mongolia were obtained from the Chinese National Survey on Student's Constitution and Health (CNSSCH) in 2010, and the data included body height, sitting height, chest circumference, weight, triceps skinfold thickness (TST), scapular skinfold thickness (SST), abdominal skinfold thickness (AST), and having menarche or not. The girls were divided into two groups according to having menarche or not, and the differences in anthropometric measurements between Mongolia and Han girls were analyzed for the two groups, respectively.

RESULTSThe proportions of Mongolia girls (9-17 years) who have experienced menarche was higher than that of Han girls (67.6%,1 049/1 553) vs (62.9%,1 837/2 922) (χ² = 9.17, P = 0.002). In girls without menarche (9-14 years), sitting height, AST, and BMI in Mongolia girls was 0.5 cm, 1.6 mm, and 0.4 kg/m², respectively, which were higher than those in Han girls (all P < 0.05). In girls who have experienced menarche (11-17 years), height and SST in Han girls was 0.8 cm, and 1.0 mm, respectively, which were higher than those in Mongolia girls (all P values < 0.01); TST, AST and BMI in Mongolia girls were 0.9 mm, 2.9 mm, and 0.3 kg/m², respectively, which were higher than those in Han girls (all P values < 0.05), respectively.

CONCLUSIONBody AST and BMI in Mongolia girls are higher than those in Han girls, while body height in Han girls is better than that in Mongolia girls after menarche. The differences of physical development between Mongolia girls and Han girls might be different before and after experiencing menarche.

Adolescent ; Anthropometry ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Body Height ; Body Mass Index ; Body Weight ; Body Weights and Measures ; Child ; China ; Female ; Humans ; Menarche ; Skinfold Thickness

Objective To analyze the differences in anthropometric measurements between Mongolia and Han girls and understand the characteristics of their physical development in two ethnic groups. Methods The data on anthropometric measurements of Mongolia and Han girls aged 9-17 years in Inner Mongolia were obtained from the Chinese National Survey on Student's Constitution and Health (CNSSCH) in 2010, and the data included body height, sitting height, chest circumference, weight, triceps skinfold thickness(TST), scapular skinfold thickness(SST), abdominal skinfold thickness(AST), and having menarche or not. The girls were divided into two groups according to having menarche or not, and the differences in anthropometric measurements between Mongolia and Han girls were analyzed for the two groups, respectively. Results The proportions of Mongolia girls(9-17 years) who have experienced menarche was higher than that of Han girls(67.6%,1 049/1 553) vs (62.9%,1 837/2 922) (χ2=9.17,P=0.002). In girls without menarche(9-14 years), sitting height, AST, and BMI in Mongolia girls was 0.5 cm, 1.6 mm, and 0.4 kg/m2, respectively, which were higher than those in Han girls(all P<0.05). In girls who have experienced menarche(11-17 years), height and SST in Han girls was 0.8 cm, and 1.0 mm, respectively, which were higher than those in Mongolia girls(all P values<0.01);TST, AST and BMI in Mongolia girls were 0.9 mm, 2.9 mm, and 0.3 kg/m2, respectively, which were higher than those in Han girls(all P values<0.05), respectively. Conclusion Body AST and BMI in Mongolia girls are higher than those in Han girls, while body height in Han girls is better than that in Mongolia girls after menarche. The differences of physical development between Mongolia girls and Han girls might be different before and after experiencing menarche.

Objective To analyze the influence factors of body image dissatisfaction among children and adolescents with normal weight. Methods The primary and middle school students who were selected from Changping district of Bejing city using the stratified cluster sampling method were measured body height, weight, and waist circumference. Body image cognitive attitude of students or their parents was surveyed using 'Ma figural shape'. The cognitive attitude of obesity risk factors was surveyed by self-designed questionnaires. The students with normal weight were selected according to 'reference norm for screening overweight and obesity in Chinese children and adolescents(WGOC) in 2005' and 'reference norm for screening underweight in Chinese children and adolescents aged 6-19 years'. The association between body image dissatisfaction and cognitive attitude of obesity risk factors was analyzed for each gender. Results The study validly surveyed and measured 680 students, and there were 36.6%(249/680)students with overweight or obesity, 4.0%(27/680) students with underweight, and 59.4%(404/680) students with normal weight. Prevalence of body image satisfaction, expecting to be thinner, and to be fatter in students with normal weight was 32.7%(132/404), 35.1%(142/404), and 32.2%(130/404), respectively. The prevalence of expecting to be thinner in females and middle students was higher than that in males and primary students (46.4%(102/220) vs 21.8%(40/184)), (39.8%(88/221) vs 29.5%(54/183)), respectively;χ2 values were 26.65 and 4.67 respectively(P<0.05). The prevalence of expecting to be fatter in males was higher than that in females((42.9%(79/184) vs 23.2%(51/220)) (χ2=17.91, P<0.001). The concordance ratio on body image cognitive attitude between students and their parent was 60.4%(244/404), and the consistency coefficient was 0.41(P<0.001). The factors including parents expecting their children to be thinner, the negative attitude on less drinking sugary beverages and having breakfast per day might increase the risks of children expecting to be thinner in males, the OR(95%CI) value were 5.20(1.51-17.89), 3.43(1.11-10.59), and 6.53 (1.14-37.58), respectively. The parents expecting their children to be fatter might increase the risk of children expecting to be fatter in males, the OR(95%CI)value were 7.57(3.47-16.52). The factors including parents expecting their children to be thinner, and the positive attitude on less eating high calorie snacks might increase the risk of children expecting to be thinner in females, the OR(95%CI) value were 65.74 (8.45-511.21) and 3.03(1.01-9.09), respectively. The parents expecting their children to be thinner or fatter might increase the risk of children expecting to be fatter in females, the OR(95%CI) value were 17.38 (1.53-197.74) and 9.64(3.98-23.35), respectively. Conclusion The prevalence of body image dissatisfaction among students with normal weight was high, and the concordance ratio on body image cognitive attitude between themselves and their parents was low. Guiding students to have the correct cognitive attitude on less drinking sugary beverages, having breakfast per day, and less eating high calorie snacks may be conducive to prevent body image dissatisfaction.

Objective To analyze the differences in anthropometric measurements between Mongolia and Han girls and understand the characteristics of their physical development in two ethnic groups. Methods The data on anthropometric measurements of Mongolia and Han girls aged 9-17 years in Inner Mongolia were obtained from the Chinese National Survey on Student's Constitution and Health (CNSSCH) in 2010, and the data included body height, sitting height, chest circumference, weight, triceps skinfold thickness(TST), scapular skinfold thickness(SST), abdominal skinfold thickness(AST), and having menarche or not. The girls were divided into two groups according to having menarche or not, and the differences in anthropometric measurements between Mongolia and Han girls were analyzed for the two groups, respectively. Results The proportions of Mongolia girls(9-17 years) who have experienced menarche was higher than that of Han girls(67.6%,1 049/1 553) vs (62.9%,1 837/2 922) (χ2=9.17,P=0.002). In girls without menarche(9-14 years), sitting height, AST, and BMI in Mongolia girls was 0.5 cm, 1.6 mm, and 0.4 kg/m2, respectively, which were higher than those in Han girls(all P<0.05). In girls who have experienced menarche(11-17 years), height and SST in Han girls was 0.8 cm, and 1.0 mm, respectively, which were higher than those in Mongolia girls(all P values<0.01);TST, AST and BMI in Mongolia girls were 0.9 mm, 2.9 mm, and 0.3 kg/m2, respectively, which were higher than those in Han girls(all P values<0.05), respectively. Conclusion Body AST and BMI in Mongolia girls are higher than those in Han girls, while body height in Han girls is better than that in Mongolia girls after menarche. The differences of physical development between Mongolia girls and Han girls might be different before and after experiencing menarche.

Objective To analyze the influence factors of body image dissatisfaction among children and adolescents with normal weight. Methods The primary and middle school students who were selected from Changping district of Bejing city using the stratified cluster sampling method were measured body height, weight, and waist circumference. Body image cognitive attitude of students or their parents was surveyed using 'Ma figural shape'. The cognitive attitude of obesity risk factors was surveyed by self-designed questionnaires. The students with normal weight were selected according to 'reference norm for screening overweight and obesity in Chinese children and adolescents(WGOC) in 2005' and 'reference norm for screening underweight in Chinese children and adolescents aged 6-19 years'. The association between body image dissatisfaction and cognitive attitude of obesity risk factors was analyzed for each gender. Results The study validly surveyed and measured 680 students, and there were 36.6%(249/680)students with overweight or obesity, 4.0%(27/680) students with underweight, and 59.4%(404/680) students with normal weight. Prevalence of body image satisfaction, expecting to be thinner, and to be fatter in students with normal weight was 32.7%(132/404), 35.1%(142/404), and 32.2%(130/404), respectively. The prevalence of expecting to be thinner in females and middle students was higher than that in males and primary students (46.4%(102/220) vs 21.8%(40/184)), (39.8%(88/221) vs 29.5%(54/183)), respectively;χ2 values were 26.65 and 4.67 respectively(P<0.05). The prevalence of expecting to be fatter in males was higher than that in females((42.9%(79/184) vs 23.2%(51/220)) (χ2=17.91, P<0.001). The concordance ratio on body image cognitive attitude between students and their parent was 60.4%(244/404), and the consistency coefficient was 0.41(P<0.001). The factors including parents expecting their children to be thinner, the negative attitude on less drinking sugary beverages and having breakfast per day might increase the risks of children expecting to be thinner in males, the OR(95%CI) value were 5.20(1.51-17.89), 3.43(1.11-10.59), and 6.53 (1.14-37.58), respectively. The parents expecting their children to be fatter might increase the risk of children expecting to be fatter in males, the OR(95%CI)value were 7.57(3.47-16.52). The factors including parents expecting their children to be thinner, and the positive attitude on less eating high calorie snacks might increase the risk of children expecting to be thinner in females, the OR(95%CI) value were 65.74 (8.45-511.21) and 3.03(1.01-9.09), respectively. The parents expecting their children to be thinner or fatter might increase the risk of children expecting to be fatter in females, the OR(95%CI) value were 17.38 (1.53-197.74) and 9.64(3.98-23.35), respectively. Conclusion The prevalence of body image dissatisfaction among students with normal weight was high, and the concordance ratio on body image cognitive attitude between themselves and their parents was low. Guiding students to have the correct cognitive attitude on less drinking sugary beverages, having breakfast per day, and less eating high calorie snacks may be conducive to prevent body image dissatisfaction.

OBJECTIVETo examine the contribution of insulin related indices on the association between body fat and blood pressure among overweight adults.

METHODSFrom April to May 2014, based on convenience sampling, we recruited overweight and obese volunteer participants aged 20-55 years living in Beijing at least 1 year through a strict examination by doctors in a physical examination center. In this study, we excluded the participants who reported suffering from any severe heart, lung, liver or kidney organic diseases, and abnormal development, disabilities, and secondary obesity caused by other disease. Also participants with use of antihypertensive drugs, hypoglycemic drugs and lipid lowering drugs were excluded for this study. A total of 1 221 participants were investigated in this study. With a simple self-designed questionnaire, the birthdates, sex, drug use, and disease history were examined. Participants' blood pressure (BP), percentage of body fat (PBF), glucose and fasting insulin level were measured. Mediation analysis was used to analyze the total effect of PBF on BP (c), the association between PBF and insulin related indices (a), and the mediation effect of serum fasting insulin level/HOMA-IR/HOMA-%S on relation between PBF and systolic/diastolic blood pressure (SBP/DBP).

RESULTSPBF was positively associated with SBP (c=0.25 ± 0.05 and 0.19 ± 0.03 for male and female, respectively, P<0.001). In males, PBF was positively associated with fasting insulin level and HOMA-IR (a=0.28 ± 0.05 and 0.24 ± 0.05, P<0.001), and negatively associated with HOMA-%S (a=-0.29 ± 0.05, P<0.001); in females, PBF was positively associated with fasting insulin level, HOMA-IR (a=0.21 ± 0.04 and 0.20 ± 0.04, P<0.001), and negatively associated with HOMA-%S (a=-0.13 ± 0.04, P<0.001). In further mediation analysis for female participants, fasting insulin level/HOMA-IR/HOMA-%S played mediation roles in the relation between PBF and SBP, with ratio of mediation of 13.78%,18.3%, and 5.98%. Fasting insulin level/HOMA-IR also mediated the relation between PBF and DBP, with mediation ratio of 11.98% and 14.13%.

CONCLUSIONIn overweight/obese female participants, insulin related indices mediated the relation between PBF and BP.

Adipose Tissue ; physiology ; Adult ; Beijing ; Blood Glucose ; analysis ; Blood Pressure ; Body Mass Index ; Female ; Humans ; Insulin ; physiology ; Insulin Resistance ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Obesity ; physiopathology ; Overweight ; physiopathology ; Risk Factors ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo analyze the influence factors of body image dissatisfaction among children and adolescents with normal weight.

METHODSThe primary and middle school students who were selected from Changping district of Bejing city using the stratified cluster sampling method were measured body height, weight, and waist circumference. Body image cognitive attitude of students or their parents was surveyed using 'Ma figural shape'. The cognitive attitude of obesity risk factors was surveyed by self-designed questionnaires. The students with normal weight were selected according to 'reference norm for screening overweight and obesity in Chinese children and adolescents (WGOC) in 2005' and 'reference norm for screening underweight in Chinese children and adolescents aged 6-19 years'. The association between body image dissatisfaction and cognitive attitude of obesity risk factors was analyzed for each gender.

RESULTSThe study validly surveyed and measured 680 students, and there were 36.6% (249/680) students with overweight or obesity, 4.0% (27/680) students with underweight, and 59.4% (404/680) students with normal weight. Prevalence of body image satisfaction, expecting to be thinner, and to be fatter in students with normal weight was 32.7% (132/404), 35.1% (142/404), and 32.2% (130/404), respectively. The prevalence of expecting to be thinner in females and middle students was higher than that in males and primary students (46.4% (102/220) vs 21.8% (40/184)), (39.8% (88/221) vs 29.5% (54/183)), respectively; χ² values were 26.65 and 4.67 respectively (P < 0.05). The prevalence of expecting to be fatter in males was higher than that in females ((42.9% (79/184) vs 23.2% (51/220)) (χ² = 17.91, P < 0.001). The concordance ratio on body image cognitive attitude between students and their parent was 60.4% (244/404), and the consistency coefficient was 0.41 (P < 0.001). The factors including parents expecting their children to be thinner, the negative attitude on less drinking sugary beverages and having breakfast per day might increase the risks of children expecting to be thinner in males, the OR (95% CI) value were 5.20 (1.51-17.89), 3.43 (1.11-10.59), and 6.53(1.14-37.58), respectively. The parents expecting their children to be fatter might increase the risk of children expecting to be fatter in males, the OR (95% CI) value were 7.57 (3.47-16.52). The factors including parents expecting their children to be thinner, and the positive attitude on less eating high calorie snacks might increase the risk of children expecting to be thinner in females, the OR (95% CI) value were 65.74 (8.45-511.21) and 3.03 (1.01-9.09), respectively. The parents expecting their children to be thinner or fatter might increase the risk of children expecting to be fatter in females, the OR (95% CI) value were 17.38 (1.53-197.74) and 9.64 (3.98-23.35), respectively.

CONCLUSIONThe prevalence of body image dissatisfaction among students with normal weight was high, and the concordance ratio on body image cognitive attitude between themselves and their parents was low. Guiding students to have the correct cognitive attitude on less drinking sugary beverages, having breakfast per day, and less eating high calorie snacks may be conducive to prevent body image dissatisfaction.

Adolescent ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Body Image ; Body Mass Index ; Body Weight ; Child ; Female ; Food Preferences ; Humans ; Male ; Obesity ; Overweight ; Personal Satisfaction ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Students ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Young Adult

Objective To compare the consistency in the measurement of percentage of body fat(PBF) by multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (MF-BIA) and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry(DXA)in overweight and obese adults in China,and provide evidence for the accurate MF-BIA application in China. Methods A total of 1 323 overweight/obese adults aged 22-55 years were recruited in this study. All the subjects received PBF measurement by both MF-BIA and DXA. The consistency in PBF measurement by MF-BIA and DXA was evaluated by using interclass correlation coefficients(ICC),then the correction prediction models was established. Results The differences in PBF measurement in male subjects and female subjects between MF-BIA and DXA were statistical significant (all P<0.01),the mean difference values were-6.5% for overweight males and -4.3% for obese males,-2.5% for overweight females and 0.5% for obese females, respectively. The difference in ICC of PBF between MF-BIA and DXA measurement were statistically significant in all subgroups (P<0.01). The ICC was 0.746 for overweight males,0.807 for obese males,0.628 for overweight females and 0.674 for obese females,respectively. The correction prediction models included:PBF(DXA)=13.425+0.719 × PBF(MF-BIA)for overweight males;PBF(DXA)=12.572+0.741×PBF(MF-BIA)for obese males;PBF(DXA)=9.785+0.802× PBF (MF-BIA) for overweight females;PBF(DXA)=20.348+0.532 × PBF(MF-BIA) for obese females. Conclusion The consistency in PBF measurement in overweight/obese adults by MF-BIA and DXA was poor in China. Correction should be conducted when MF-BIA is used in the measurement of PBF.

Objective To understand the mediating effect of blood lipids on the correlation between body fat and blood pressure among overweight adults. Methods Overweight and obese subjects aged 20-55 years who had lived in Beijing for at least 1 year were recruited in this study, Body mass index(BMI)was used as a screening indicators. The percentage of body fat(PBF)was measured for the subjects by using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry(DXA). Mediating effect analysis was conducted to analyze the mediating effect of blood lipids on correlation between PBF and systolic blood pressure(SBP)as well as diastolic blood pressure(DBP). Results After adjusting for age,PBF was positively correlated with SBP and DBP in both males(β=0.208 3,β=0.205 2, P<0.001)and females(β=0.188 4,β=0.209 6,P<0.001). In male subgroup,PBF was negatively correlated with HDL-C level,but positively correlated with LDL-C level(β=-0.142 2,P<0.01 andβ=0.180 5,P<0.001),while in female subgroup,PBF was positively correlated with both TC level and LDL-C level(β=0.172 1,P<0.001 and β=0.233 5,P<0.001). With PBF controlled,TC and TG levels were positively correlated with DBP in both males and females(β=0.095 6,0.090 5 for males,β=0.117 6,0.083 1 for females,P<0.05),and TG level was positively correlated with SBP in females(β=0.127 2,P<0.001). Further analysis indicated there was a significant mediating effect of LDL-C on correlation between PBF and DBP in females,with the mediating effect value of 0.019 4 (P<0.05). The ratio of mediating effect was 9.26%. Conclusion PBF was positively correlated with blood pressure,but blood lipids had no mediating effect on the correlation between PBF and blood pressure in males,while LDL-C level had mediating effect on PBF and blood pressure in females.