ObjectiveTo observe the dose of methadone and the compliance of patients to the methadone maintenance treatment(MMT).MethodsWe analyzed the status of 69 patients who were addicted to opiate medication and 44 patients who dropped out in our clinic until July 31,2010.ResultsThere was no significant relationship between patients' urine test and the dose.Crime caused the patients who dropped out.The percentage of positive urine did not decline as the dose increased,but the rate of patients who dropped and the number of positive urine test showed a significant correlation( r =0.523 P =0.000).Crime was the main reason that affected the compliance to MMT and caused dropping out.ConclusionThe use of MMT dose should be individualized.

Objective To investigate the capabilities of decision-making in male subjects with Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD).Methods A total of 76 male ASPD subjects were compared with matched 60 healthy controls on the Iowa Gambling Task.At the same time,All of them were evaluated with Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS),Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS),Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE),the MMPI Personality Disorder Scales (MMPI-Pd) and The Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11).Results The ASPD group selected less advantageous cards (the number of cards selected from the advantageous decks minus the number of cards selected from disadvantageous decks) than healthy controls ((-4.13 ± 18.27) time,(6.03 ± 19.43) time respectively,t (134) =-3.132,P =0.002).A 2 (group) × 5 (block) ANOVA (analysis of variance) on the cards of net advantageous from the gambling task revealed a significant main effect of group (F(1,134) =9.811,P=0.002).Meanwhile,the ANOVA revealed a significant main effect of block (F(4,5336 =15.456,P ＜ 0.001).The results showed that healthy controls and ASPD group gradually shifted their selections toward the good decks as the game progresses.The study indicated the total number of advantageous cards for subjects with antisocial personality disorder were negative correlation to the MMPI-Pd(r =-0.232,P=0.006).Conclusion The present study suggests that the decision-making impairment might be in the male subjects with antisocial personality disorder.The deficit of decision-making for ASPD might be attributed to the dysfunction of the orbitofrontal,dorsolateral frontal,and anterior cingulate cortex.

ObjectiveTo explore working memory in male patients with alcohol dependence.Methods50 male patients with alcohol dependence(AD group) and 50 healthy controls(HC group) were assessed by digit span test,trail making test and verbal fluency test.The visual-object,visual-verbal,visual-space working memory tasks were used to measure the difference of working memory between the two groups.ResultsCompared with HC group,alcohol dependence group showed significant impairments in performance of error number of visual-object,visual-verbal,visual-space working memory tasks (AD group:(3.76±2.20),3(2,5),(3.74±2.40));(HC group:(2.94±1.60),2(1,3),2(1,4))(t=2.133,P=0.035;Z=-2.400,P=0.016;Z=-2.654,P=0.008).Moreover,scores of Michigan alcoholism screening test were positively correlated with the error number of verbal working memory task (r=0.371,P=0.008).ConclusionThe male patients with alcohol dependence exhibit impairments in all aspects of working memory.

Objective To investigate the characteristics of decision-making impairment in male patients with heroin dependence in methadone maintenance treatment(MMT). Methods A total of 45 male patients in MMT were compared with matched 32 health controls on the Iowa Gambling Task. Results Participants with anxiety or depression had to be excluded, MMT subjects were required to have negative urine toxicology screening tests.The MMT group selected more net disadvantageous cards (number of cards selected from the disadvantageous decks minus number of cards selected from advantageous decks) than health controls( (9.11 ± 19.60, -4.25 ±10.27 respectively), t=3. 884, P＜0.01). A 2(group) ×5(block) ANOVA (analysis of variance) on the cards of net disadvantageous from the gambling task revealed a significant main effect of group( F= 12.414, P＜0.01 ).The ANOVA also revealed a significant main effect of block( F=6.871, P＜0.01 ). The study indicated the totalnumber of net disadvantageous cards for MMT subjects was negative correlation to the age of initial drug use ( r=- 0. 320, P ＜ 0. 05 ). Meanwhile, methadone dose and the time of enrollment MMT did not reveal a significant main effect on decision-making biases. Conclusion The deficit of decision making for male heroin dependent patients might be attributed to the dysfunction of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, and this effect does not resolve with abstinence, even very long term abstinence. Methadone may not get worse this impairment in male patients who have a history of heroin use during maintenance treatment intervention.

Objective To explore the mechanisms underlying supraliminal and subliminal N-back task in the children with symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).Methods Thirty-five ADHD children and thirty-three matched normal controls were enrolled.Working memory was measured with the different reaction time of N-back task.Results The error number of the subliminal 2-back task in ADHD group ((4.49± 1.20) times) was worse than that of the healthy controls ((3.79±-1.14) times), and the difference was significant(t=-2.459, P=0.017).In ADHD group,the error number of 1-back task and reaction time of 2-back task in subliminal task ((4.77±1.09) times, (1 447.49±271.35) ms) were worse than those of supraliminal task ((3.09± 1.63) times, (1 315.48±229.63) ms), and the difference was significant between the two tasks (t=4.755, P=0.000;t=-2.281, P=0.029).But there were no significant findings in healthy controls(P＞0.05).Conclusion The present study suggests that the working memory is impaired in ADHD children.

Objective To investigate decision making under risk in patients with antisocial personality disorder(ASPD).Methods The game of dice task (GDT) was a commonly used measure of decision making under risk.31 ASPD patients and 33 healthy controls (HC) were investigated by GDT with explicit probability.Results ASPD patients performed poorly in the entire task.ASPD selected more risky options (ASPD:10.06 ±5.26,HC:5.42 ± 3.29,t =4.201,P ＜ 0.01) compared with healthy controls.The most frequent choice made by ASPD patients was two numbers.Accordingly,the most frequent choice made by HC group was three numbers(one number:the median of ASPD patients was 1 (1-8),the median of HC was 1 (0-2.5),Z =-2.295,P =0.022) ;three numbers:ASPD:4.77 ±4.23;HC:6.79 ±3.43; t=-2.100,P=0.04;four numbers:ASPD:3.06 ±3.53;HC:5.82 ± 3.41 ; t =3.176,P=0.002).The frequency of choosing the risky options had correlation with the rate of using negative feedback(r =-0.613,P ＜ 0.01),impulsiveness (r =0.481,P =0.006) and the results of Stroop test (r =0.566,P ＜ 0.01).Conclusion Main results reveal that patients with ASPD make risky decisions significantly more often than the HC.Moreover,they show lack of capacity to advantageously utilize feedback,and correlation with executive function,impulsiveness,and negative feedback.

ObjectiveTo explore the attentional biases in male alcohol dependent (AD) patients and the correlations between the attentional bias and alcohol-related factors.MethodsA total of 30 recently detoxified male individuals with alcoholism were compared with 37 healthy controls ( HC ) on the Chinese Emotional Stroop Task using negative,neutral,and alcohol-related words.ResultsThe comparison between AD group( ( 1382.13 ±323.38) ms,( 1365.76 ±313.03)ms,( 1433.20 ±342.23) ms,respectively) and HC group( (797.27 ±216.97)ms,( 794.11 ± 209.41 ) ms,(799.40 ± 215.82 ) ms respectively) on the reaction time of neutral,negative and alcohol-related words were significant ( t =8.822,P ＜ 0.001 ; t =8.922,P ＜ 0.001 ; t =9.234,P ＜ 0.001 ).The error number of of the neutral and negative- related words of the patients ( ( 3.70 ± 2.56) time,( 4.23 ± 2.53 ) time)was worse than that of HC group( ( 2.11 ± 1.87 ) time,( 1.92 ± 1.82 ) time) ( t =2.939,P =0.005 ; t =4.355,P ＜0.01 ).Error number of the alcohol- related words between two groups were not significant;Its alcohol-related words attentional bias negative correlation to the age of initial alcohol use(P＜ 0.05 ),and positive correlation to continue drinking and score of self-rating depression scale (P＜0.05).Age of addiction and the score of self-rating anxiety scale enter the regression equation of alcohol-related words.ConclusionThese results demonstrate that alcoholics have attentional bias in alcohol-related words and reward-related brain regions may be associated with craving among male patients with attentional bias.

Objective:To explore the differences of attention bias performance between patients with heroin dependence in methadone maintenance treatment(MMT) and healthy controls.Methods:A total of 38 heroin dependent patients in the Fourth People's Hospital of Huainan from January 2018 to September 2018 were selected as MMTgroup, and 32 gender-and age-matched healthy controls were selected as healthy control(HC) group.The attention bias was evaluated by Emotional Stroop Task, and the difference between the two groups was compared.Results:The error number of the herion-related words in Emotional Stroop Task of MMT group was lower than that of HC group[0.75(2, 5) vs.1(0, 2)], the difference was statistically significant( Z=-2.184, P=0.029). The number of errors in point and neutral words and reaction time of point, neutral word and clue word had no statistically significant differences between MMT group and HC group[1(0, 4) vs.1(0, 2); 3(2, 5) vs.2(2, 3); (1 055.14±303.50)ms vs.(985.40±173.71)ms, (1 126.89±347.82)ms vs.(1 022.76± 173.62)ms; (1 188.53±371.80)ms vs.(1 113.23±225.11)ms]( Z=-1.331, P=0.183; Z=-1.723, P=0.085; t=1.150, P=0.254; t=1.539, P=0.129; t=1.001, P=0.320). There were no statistically significant differences in attention bias influenced by the dosage and duration of methadone between MMT group and HC group(all P>0.05). Conclusion:These results demonstrate that heroin dependence patients in MMT have attentional bias in heroin-related words.Methadone has no effect on attention bias in patients with heroin dependence during maintenance treatment intervention.