Objective: To explore the potential Q-markers between crude Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus (SCF) and vinegar-processed Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus (VSCF) based on multivariate statistical analysis and network pharmacology. Methods: UPLC-Q/TOF-MS was used to analyze the main lignans in SCF and VSCF, and the potential differences of chemical components (Q-markers) between SCF and VSCF were screened out by using multiple statistical methods. Furthermore, through network pharmacology and bioinformatics, the main action targets and pathways related to significantly different components were analyzed to construct the “component-target-pathway” network relationship and predict the potential quality markers between SCF and VSCF. Results: In this study, 40 different constituents of Schisandra chinensis between SCF and VSCF were screened, among which eight chemical markers had significant differences between SCF and VSCF. Five chemical constituents were identified and confirmed, namely 5-HMF, deoxyschizandrin and its isomer, schisandrin B, and schisantherin D. The other three chemical markers were speculated to be lignans by analyzing the first-and second-order mass spectrometry information. The results of network pharmacological analysis showed that the five potential quality markers identified were highly related to the main pharmacological effects of SCF. Finally, schisandrin B and 5-hydroxymethyl furfural were identified as the most representative potential quality markers. Conclusion: The results showed that the chemical composition of SCF had a series of complex changes. It was determined that schisandrin B and 5-hydroxymethyl furfural could be used as representative potential quality markers between SCF and VSCF. It is speculated that lignans may be the basis of the important effect of VSCF on liver protection.

Objective: To look for anti-liver injury potential biomarkers and explore the scientific connotation of vinegar-processed Schisandra chinensis enhancing hepatoprotective effect by investigating the endogenous metabolites difference in bile before and after S. chinensis was processed with vinegar. Methods: The metabolic skills were adopted based on UPLC-Q/TOF-MS, PCA, and OPLS-DA for screening and identification of biomarkers related to liver injury. Results: Bile metabolite profile in control group, model group, raw S. chinensis (RSC) group and vinegar-processed S. chinensis (VPSC) were separated obviously, eight potential biomarkers associated with liver injury were identified, including LysoPC (20:4), PG (18:0/18:1), 12-ketodeoxycholic acid, TG (64:2), etc. Conclusion: After giving raw and vinegar-processed S. chinensis, the levels of above markers can be adjusted to the normal state, and the regulating function of VPSC is stronger than that of the raw one. VPSC might have the anti-liver injury effect on all these metabolic pathways.

Brain Neoplasms ; complications ; Humans ; Hypothalamic Diseases ; etiology ; Syndrome

The study aimed to establish a population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PPK/PD) model of warfarin. PCR-RFLP technique was used to genotype the CYP2C9 and VKORC1 polymorphisms of 73 patients. RP-HPLC-UV method was used to determine the 190 plasma concentrations of warfarin. Application of NONMEM, the clinical information and 263 international normalized ratio (INR) monitoring data were used to investigate the effect of genetic, physiological, pathological factors, other medication on clearance and anticoagulant response. The final model of warfarin PPK/PD was described as follows: CL = θCL · (WT/60)θWT · θCYP · eηCL (if CYP2C9*1/*1, θCYP = 1; if *1/*3, θCYP = 0.708); EC50 = θEC50 · θVKOR · eηEC50 (if VKORC1- 1639AA, θVKOR = 1; if GA, θVKOR = 2.01; V = θV; K(E0) = θK(E0); Emax = θEmax; E0 = θE0 · eηE0. Among them, the body weight (WT), CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotype had conspicuous effect on warfarin PK/PD parameters. The goodness diagnosis, Bootstrap, NPDE verification showed that the final model was stable, effective and predictable. It may provide a reference for opitimizing the dose regimen of warfarin.
Anticoagulants ; pharmacology ; Body Weight ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9 ; genetics ; Genotype ; Humans ; International Normalized Ratio ; Nonlinear Dynamics ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Vitamin K Epoxide Reductases ; genetics ; Warfarin ; pharmacokinetics

Drugs are exogenous compounds for human bodies, and will be metabolized by many enzymes after administration. CYP450 enzyme, as a major metabolic enzyme, is an important phase I drug metabolizing enzyme. In human bodies, about 75% of drug metabolism is conducted by CYP450 enzymes, and CYP450 enzymes is the key factor for drug interactions between traditional Chinese medicine( TCM) -TCM, TCM-medicine and other drug combination. In order to make clear the interaction between metabolic enzymes and TCM metabolism, we generally chose the enzymatic activity as an evaluation index. That is to say, the enhancement or reduction of CYP450 enzyme activity was used to infer the inducing or inhibitory effect of active ingredients and extracts of traditional Chinese medicine on enzymes. At present, the common method for measuring metabolic enzyme activity is Cocktail probe drugs, and it is the key to select the suitable probe substrates. This is of great significance for study drug's absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) process in organisms. The study focuses on the interaction between TCMs, active ingredients, herbal extracts, cocktail probe substrates as well as CYP450 enzymes, in order to guide future studies.
Animals ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors ; metabolism ; pharmacology ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; metabolism ; pharmacology ; Enzyme Activation ; drug effects ; Enzyme Activators ; metabolism ; pharmacology ; Humans

OBJECTIVETo study 3 different strategies of urine drainage following hypospadias urethroplasty, the clinical nursing in their application, and their effects.

METHODSWe retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 595 cases of hypospadias treated by urethroplasty. After surgery, 133 of the patients underwent urine drainage by suprapubic cystostomy (group A), 202 by urethral stent- tube indwelling (group B), and 260 by early initiative micturition with the urethral stent-tube (group C). All the patients received routine postoperative nursing care required for hypospadias repair.

RESULTSOperations were successfully completed in all the cases. Group C showed a remarkably shorter hospital stay and lower incidence rates of urinary fistula and urethral stricture than groups A and B (P<0.05), but there were no significant differences in the three indexes between A and B (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONFor urine drainage following hypospadias repair, early initiative micturition with the urethral stent-tube can significantly reduce postoperative complications, decrease difficulties and workload of nursing care, and shorten the hospital stay of the patient.

Cystostomy ; Drainage ; methods ; Humans ; Hypospadias ; surgery ; Length of Stay ; Male ; Postoperative Complications ; prevention & control ; Reconstructive Surgical Procedures ; Retrospective Studies ; Stents ; Urethra ; surgery ; Urethral Stricture ; prevention & control ; Urinary Fistula ; prevention & control ; Urine ; Urologic Surgical Procedures, Male

OBJECTIVETo establish a method for detecting the polymorphism of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene (MTHFR).

METHODSThe MTHFR was amplified, and the amplified products were detected by denaturing high performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC), and the amplified MTHFR was confirmed by sequencing and restriction enzyme digesting.

RESULTSA total of 334 individuals of Han people in southern China were recruited in our study, and their polymorphisms of MTHFR were detected. The accurate rate of the DHPLC method, that was very sensitive with 100% detection rate available, was over 99%. The frequencies of CC, CT and TT genotypes were 56.9%, 38.3% and 4.8% individually, and the frequencies of T and C alleles were 23.95% and 76.05% individually.

CONCLUSIONThe DHPLC method can detect polymorphism of MTHFR rapidly, effectively and economically. And there is the existence of different MTHFR polymorphisms in area and race.

Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Alleles ; China ; ethnology ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; DNA Mutational Analysis ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Methylenetetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase (NAD+) ; genetics ; Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2) ; genetics ; Middle Aged ; Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques ; Polymorphism, Genetic

Abstract The popularization of the use of electronic has become a global trend, and children are exposed to devices at younger ages. A large proportion of children and adolescents spend on screen time more than 2 h which is recommended in most guidelines. The paper reviews possible effects of screen time on physical and mental health, as well as mental disorders in children and adolescents. It is found that excessive screen time showed negative impacts on mental health, including depression, anxiety, mood disorder, social adaptational problems, behavioral disorders, self injurious behaviors, and health risk behaviors. Much attention has been paid on the association between excessive screen time and mental health of children and adolescents, while possible mechanisms and influencing factors are lacking. Effective intervention studies are needed to provide a basis for child and adolescent health promotion.

Objective To evaluate the clinical application value of reflectance confocal microscopy(RCM) in the diagnosis of several common diseases manifesting as papules in children, including lichen nitidus, verruca planae, lichen striatus, milium, molluscum contagiosum and lichen pilaris. Methods A total of 579 children clinically characterized by papules were recruited into this study. RCM was used to observe lesions and perilesional normal skin. The RCM features of 6 diseases manifesting as papules were analyzed and compared. Results Based on RCM images, 236 patients were diagnosed with lichen nitidus, 70 with verruca planae, 123 with lichen striatus, 40 with milium, 53 with molluscum contagiosum and 57 with lichen pilaris. All the 6 diseases had typical RCM features. Concretely speaking, RCM images of lichen nitidus lesions showed infiltration of dense inflammatory cells and melanophages in enlarged dermal papillae. In RCM images of verruca planae lesions, cells in the granular and spinous layers were arranged in concentric circles, giving a rose cluster?like appearance. RCM images of lichen striatus lesions revealed focal swelling of stratum spinosum, absent or local liquifaction degeneration of basal cells, and clustering of a moderate number of inflammatory cells in the superficial dermis. In RCM images of milium lesions, well?circumscribed round or oval structures containing highly but nonuniformly refractive materials could be seen in the dermis. RCM images of molluscum contagiosum lesions showed intact cystoid structures containing highly refractive molluscum bodies. Lowly to moderately refractive cutin ? like materials were observed along with the dilation of hair follicle infundibula in RCM images of lichen pilaris lesions. In RCM images, the 6 diseases were distinguished mainly based on structural features(patterns and refractivity)of skin lesions shown by continuous vertical scanning. Conclusion RCM is of great value to the diagnosis of diseases manifesting as papules in children.

Diagnostic Errors ; Female ; Humans ; Hymen ; abnormalities ; Infant, Newborn