OBJECTIVEIn order to understand the status of benzodiazepine (BZD) use in middleschool students from Wuhan city.

METHODSIn the Wuhan city zone, twenty-eight middle-schools were chosen randomly to the even numbers, with students from grade 8 to 12 had been studied. Altogether, 258 classes were investigated with 12 345 questionnaires were filled in by the subjects anonymously. SPSS 10.0 was used for data analysis.

RESULTSRate of BZD use in Wuhan middle school students was 4.0% with the rate of dependence as 4.1per thousand. There were differences in gender and grade: male students tend to be higher than females (P< 0.01), and senior higher than junior's (P < 0.01). More commonly used drugs would include Diazepam (59%) and Surazepam (29.7%). Among students who used drugs, 43.3% used for 1-7 day and 8.2% of them used 6 tablets or more. 57.6% used 1 tablet once a day (46.2%) before bed time (40.8%). The major reason for using drug was insomnia (43%), followed by pressure from school. The reasons for BZD abuse were: relief of anxiety (14.1%), curiosity (13.3%), peer pressure (10.8%), and fun seeking (9.85%), etc. The source of drugs was from their families (29%). By Multinomial logistic regression, the risk factors of abuse BZD were: ignorance of drug prescription, sex, regular alcohol intake, knowing that BZD use can bring amusement regular, smoking cigarettes, relationship with parents, mother's way of providing education, schooling of fathers, relationship between parents.

CONCLUSIONDifference was seen in the use of BZD between gender and age of the students. Multiple factors showed that: personal, family and social factors were related to the use of BZD.

Adolescent ; Benzodiazepines ; administration & dosage ; classification ; supply & distribution ; therapeutic use ; Child ; China ; epidemiology ; Cities ; statistics & numerical data ; Demography ; Drug Administration Schedule ; Drug Dosage Calculations ; Female ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Humans ; Male ; Schools ; statistics & numerical data ; Substance-Related Disorders ; epidemiology ; Time Factors ; Young Adult

Cloning, Molecular ; Escherichia coli ; genetics ; Hepacivirus ; genetics ; Humans ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; immunology ; Viral Nonstructural Proteins ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; immunology

Humans ; Interleukin-17 ; Liver Diseases ; immunology ; Th17 Cells ; immunology

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the characteristic of late stent malposition after drug-eluting stent implantation by optical coherence tomography (OCT).

METHODSThe study comprised of 32 patients (target vessels: 51, total stents: 71) underwent drug eluting stent implantation one year ago [average (14.8 +/- 5.2) months]. OCT images of the stent were analyzed at interval of 0.5 mm. The stent malposition was detected, the thickness of intima and gap between the stent strut and vessel wall were measured.

RESULTSStent malposition was detected in 7 patients without clinical cardiac events, including positive remodeling (n = 4), overlapping stents (n = 1) and stent struts covered with thrombus (n = 2). Stent strut apposition with complete intima coverage was about 97.6%, stent struts malposition was 2.4% including half of struts located at the ostium of side branch. The intima coverage of stent struts is similar between the struts at the side branch and others [(0.06 +/- 0.05) mm vs. (0.05 +/- 0.03) mm, P > 0.05].

CONCLUSIONThe causes of late stent malposition include the primary malposition after stent implantation, positive remodeling, overlapping stents and stent struts located at the ostium of side branch. Thinner intima coverage was also observed on the stent struts with malposition.

Aged ; Drug-Eluting Stents ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Tomography, Optical Coherence ; Treatment Failure

Sequence analysis of DNA, mRNA and protein is an essential component of biologics or bioprocess development. Analysis of sequences at the DNA, mRNA, and protein levels after the transfer of the gene of interest into a host cell is an important part of quality control. This article reviews the application of new technologies such as next-generation sequencing and LC-MS/MS in biological drug development such as monoclonal antibodies. These techniques have different requirements in term of cost, handling time and expertise. Selecting an appropriate technique with a sound rationale at different stages of drug development will add to the success rate of research and development, and ensure product quality, thus ensuring the clinical efficacy and safety.

OBJECTIVETo evaluate neointimal proliferation following placement of a new drug-eluting stent (BUMA) by optical coherence tomography (OCT).

METHODSTwenty-two patients with coronary artery disease were randomized into BUMA group (n=15) and Endeavor group (n=7) and underwent OCT imaging after 9 months of stent implantation.

RESULTSThe neointima hyperplasia (NIH) thickness in BUMA group were significantly smaller than that in endeavor group (0.220-/+0.140 mm vs 0.269-/+0.207 mm, P<0.001), and the uncovered Struts were significantly lower in BUMA group than in Endeavor group (5.65% vs 6.56%, P<0.0001). The luminal late loss in BUMA group was also significantly lower (34.87-/+11.50 vs 40.82-/+18.53, P=0.025).

CONCLUSIONBUMA stent is safe and effective for treatment of coronary artery disease.

Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary ; adverse effects ; Cell Proliferation ; Coronary Artery Disease ; pathology ; therapy ; Coronary Vessels ; pathology ; Drug-Eluting Stents ; adverse effects ; Humans ; Prospective Studies ; Tomography, Optical Coherence ; Tunica Intima ; pathology

OBJECTIVETo study the impact of TNM staging and combined treatment mode on the survival of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients.

METHODSFrom January 1997 to December 2002, 987 NSCLC patients were surgically treated in this hospital. Of those, 574 received combined modality therapy (surgery + chemotherapy/radiotherapy), while 413 underwent operation alone. Their clinicopathological data were retrospectively analyzed.

RESULTSThe 1-, 3-, 5-, and 10-year overall survival rates were 87.7%, 57.5%, 54.6% and 54.5%, respectively, for the whole group, which were 90.6%, 57.5%, 54.3% and 54.1% for the combined therapy group versus 83.8%, 57.6%, 55.2% and 55.2% for the group treated by surgical resection alone. The 1-year survival rate of the combined therapy group was significantly higher than that of the surgical resection alone group (90.6% vs. 83.8%) (P<0.01). With regard to the T factor, 5-year survival rate of the combined therapy group (surgery + radiotherapy) was higher than that of surgery alone group, especially in T4 cases (43.6% vs. 12.7%), with a significant difference between them (P<0. 05). As for the N factor, the 1-year survival rate of NO patients in the combined therapy group (surgery + chemotherapy/radiotherapy) was significantly higher than that of surgery alone group (94.4%, 97.9% vs. 90.0%) (P<0.05). The 1-year survival rate of N1 patients in the combined therapy group (surgery + chemotherapy or + chemotherapy and radiotherapy) was 91.7% and 100% versus 82.9% in the surgery alone group (P<0.01); The 1- and 3-year survival rates of N2 patients in the combined modality therapy group (surgery + chemotherapy) were 82.1% and 37.3%, while those of the surgery alone group were 69.4% and 26.5%, respectively, with a significant difference (P<0.05, P<0.01). All the severity of primary tumor, distance of lymph node involvement, and distant tumor metastasis significantly worsen the prognosis of the patients.

CONCLUSIONThe prognosis in NSCLC patients treated with combined modality therapy (surgery + chemotherapy/radiotherapy) is better than that with surgery alone. The larger the original tumor and the farther the lymph node and tumor metastases, the worse the prognosis is for NSCLC patients.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols ; therapeutic use ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung ; pathology ; therapy ; Chemotherapy, Adjuvant ; Child ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms ; pathology ; therapy ; Lymphatic Metastasis ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasm Staging ; Pneumonectomy ; methods ; Radiotherapy, Adjuvant ; Retrospective Studies ; Survival Rate ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVEThe strains of Yersinia pestis isolated in different period and different natural foci in China were analyzed.

METHODSTraditional and molecular biological methods were used. Rhamnose fermentation, rRNA gene copy number, nitrite reduction, and the glycerol fermentation were important characters for typing, and pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) profile could reflect the genetic distance between the strains.

RESULTSThe strains could be divided into 15 genetic types by those 6 characters with each of them covered an isolated geographical territories.

CONCLUSIONThe characters of strains were described; the genetic relationship of different types, their evolution, and the forming and shift of plague natural foci were analyzed.

China ; Databases, Genetic ; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field ; Genetic Drift ; Geography ; Mutation ; Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique ; Yersinia pestis ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification

OBJECTIVESTo explore the frequency, clinical features and risk factors of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in hospitalized patients.

METHODSThe frequency, demographic features, and acquired and inherited factors of in-patient cases of VTE in Peking union medical college hospital from 1994 to 2004 were analyzed retrospectively.

RESULTSSix hundred and seventy-two patients were enrolled. Among them, male to female ratio was 1.2 and the median age was 53 (14 - 92). Five hundred and eighty (86.3%) patients were at their first diagnosis with the peak ages between 40 and 50 for men and 50 and 60 for women. More common acquired risk factors were antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS) (32.0%), trauma / surgery (31.1%) and malignancies (17.1%). 35.7% of the patients had multiple acquired risk factors. Before the initiation of anticoagulation therapy, the activities of protein C (PC), protein S (PS) and antithrombin (AT) were measured in 94 patients. The deficiency of these three natural anticoagulants was 44.7%. Among the anticoagulant deficiencies, PC deficiency was the commonest one (13.8%). Combined deficiency of PC and AT accounted for 10.6%. 31.6% of the 94 patients had inherited plus acquired risk factors.

CONCLUSIONSAge for the first event of VTE in the men was about 10 years ahead of that in the women. The major acquired risk factors were APS, trauma/surgery and malignancies, and inherited risk factors were PC deficiency and PC + AT combined deficiencies. It seems that the coexistence of multiple risk factors plays an important role in triggering VTE.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Venous Thromboembolism ; etiology

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the protective efficacy of plague subunit vaccine, BALB/c mice, guinea pigs and rabbits were used in this study.

METHODSGroups of mice (10 per group), guinea pigs (14 per group) and rabbits (6 per group) were immunized with F1 + rV270 vaccine, EV76 vaccine and alum adjuvant by intramuscular route, respectively. Serum antibody titres of mice, guinea pigs and rabbits were determined by ELISA and the immunized animals were challenged with 10(6) CFU of Y. pestis strain 141 at the 8th week after the primary immunization.

RESULTSThe immunized mice, guinea pigs or rabbits with subunit vaccine developed anti-F1 IgG titre of 41 587.3 +/- 2.1, 11 543.7 +/- 2.1 or 522.4 +/- 22.4 and elicited statistical anti-F1 IgG titre difference among them (F = 17.58, P < 0.01). The immunized mice, guinea pigs or rabbits with subunit vaccine had anti-rV270 IgG titre of 15 748.7 +/- 1.6, 12.6 +/- 1.4 or 1648.0 +/- 5.0 and induced statistical anti-rV270 IgG titre difference among them (F value was 16.34, P < 0.01). There was significant anti-F1 IgG titre difference among mice, guinea pigs and rabbits immunized with EV76 vaccine that developed anti-F1 IgG titre of 913.4 +/- 4.5, 937.0 +/- 2.0 or 342.0 +/- 12.0 (F = 23.67, P < 0.01), whereas the immunized mice, guinea pigs and rabbits with EV76 vaccine developed anti-rV270 IgG titre of 12.0 +/- 1.0, 447.0 +/- 10.0, 40.0 +/- 11.0 and there was no anti-rV270 IgG titre difference between them (F = 2.20, P = 0.1314). The immunized mice with subunit vaccine developed significantly higher anti-F1 IgG titres than immunized guinea pigs and rabbits (q value was 30.57 and 19.04, respectively, P < 0.01), and there were no anti-F1 IgG titre differences between the immunized guinea pigs and rabbits (q = 0.04, P = 0.8485). The immunized mice with subunit vaccine developed significantly higher anti-rV270 IgG titres than immunized guinea pigs and rabbits (q value was 27.10 and 19.49, respectively, P < 0.01), and there were no anti-rV270 IgG titre differences between the immunized guinea pigs and rabbits with the subunit vaccine (q = 0.25, P = 0.6187). The immunized mice with EV76 elicited higher anti-F1 IgG titres than immunized guinea pigs and rabbits (q value was 40.67 and 29.10, respectively, P < 0.01), whereas there was no difference of F1 IgG titer between immunized guinea pigs and rabbits (q = 0.06, P = 0.8098). The immunized mice, guinea pigs and rabbits with subunit vaccine provided 100% (10/10), 86% (12/14) and 100% (5/5) protection against 10(6) CFU Y. pestis of challenge, respectively. The immunized mice, guinea pigs and rabbits with EV76 vaccine gave 100% (6/6), 93% (13/14) and 100% (6/6) protection against 10(6) CFU Y. pestis of challenge respectively.

CONCLUSIONBALB/c mice is the best small animal model for valuation of protective efficacy of plague subunit vaccine. The guinea pigs showed a high individual variation for this purpose. The rabbits can be used as an alternative model for evaluating plague subunit vaccine.

Animals ; Antibodies, Bacterial ; blood ; Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic ; Female ; Guinea Pigs ; Immunization ; Immunoglobulin G ; blood ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Models, Animal ; Plague ; prevention & control ; Plague Vaccine ; immunology ; Rabbits ; Vaccines, Subunit ; immunology