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Clinical re-evaluation is to verify the drug's safety and effectiveness again,while the drug itself has not been improved. However, due to the complexity of traditional Chinese medicine, ingredients in bulk drugs, prescription, productive processes, quality standards and other aspects need to be enhanced. So improving the quality, safety and effectiveness of traditional Chinese medicine by clinical re-evaluation is also very necessary. Therefore, except for achieving those basic requirements of medicine, it should also be improved on itself and pay full attention to the particularity, then traditional Chinese medicine's clinical re-evaluation will play its due role.
Drug Prescriptions ; standards ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; standards ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; standards ; Quality Control ; Safety ; standards

ObjectiveTo explore the relationships of driving coping styles with driving behaviors and road accidents of drivers.MethodsThree hundreds and thirty-seven drivers were randomly surveyed by Driving Coping Questionnaire ( DCQ),Driver Behavior Questionnaire (DBQ).Results ( 1 ) Except avoidance coping style,confrontive coping and emotion-focused coping were correlated positively with the three driving behaviors ( r =0.18 ～ 0.56,P ＜ 0.01 ),and positive appraisal coping had negatively correlations with them (( r =-0.34 ～-0.41,P＜0.01 ).(2)Positive appraisal coping,confrontive coping and emotion-focused coping could predict 33.5％ of error behaviors and 23.5％ of slip behaviors.And confrontive coping and positive appraisal coping could predict 40.2％ of speeding and violation behaviors.(3) Compared with safety drivers,accident drivers had significantly differences in confrontive coping in mild and moderate crashes( t=-2.75,2.80,P＜ 0.01 ).ConclusionDriving coping styles are the important factors influencing drivers' behaviors and road safety.

BACKGROUND:Exendin can regulate blood glucose, blood lipid and blood pressure, exert anti-inflammation and anti-oxidative stress effects, improve myocardial infarction and heart failure, and protect heart vessels. However, the effect on the apoptosis of cardiac muscle cels after ischemia/reperfusion injury remains unclear. OBJECTIVE:To observe the effects of Exendin-4 pretreatment on the cardiomyocyte apoptosis and the expression of Bcl-2 and Bax in rats with myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. METHODS:The myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury model was established in rats and then received Exendin-4 pretreatment. Ischemia/reperfusion group and sham operation group were set. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Immunohistochemical staining, TUNEL and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction results showed that Bcl-2 protein and mRNA expression levels in the Exendin-4 group were significantly increased (P < 0.05), while Bax protein and mRNA expression levels were significantly decreased compared with ischemia/reperfusion group (P < 0.05). In addition, apoptosis index was more significantly decreased in the Exendin-4 group than in the ischemia/reperfusion group (P < 0.05). Exendin-4 can protect rat heart muscle against ischemia/reperfusion injury and effectively inhibit the apoptosis of cardiomyocytes, and the underlying mechanism is mediated by up-regulating Bcl-2 expression and down-regulating Bax expression.

Silicon quantum dot has become an attractive nanomaterial due to their excellent biocompatibility and optical performance. However, poor water-solubility of the traditional silicon quantum dot limits its wide application. In this study, we reported the synthesis of water-soluble silicon quantum dots with imidazole groups by using hydrothermal method, in which N-trimethysilylimidazole was used as a precursor of silicon. Compared with sodium borohydride, ascorbic acid, bovine serum protein, cysteine and citric acid, the as-prepared silicon quantum dots offered the strongest fluorescence intensity when sodium citrate was used as the reducing agent and stabilizer for the synthesis. The reaction could complete within 2 h at 220℃. The obtained silicon quantum dots showed good water-solubility with an average particle size of 2. 6 nm, and the result of infrared spectroscopic analysis verified the existence of free imidazole groups on the surface. By means of the investigation of the fluorescence quenching behavior of copper ions towards the silicon quantum dots at different temperatures, we found that the degree of fluorescence quenching increased with the increase of temperature. There results proved that the fluorescence decrease belongs to static quenching. Namely, the interaction of Cu2+ with imidazole groups on the surface of silicon quantum dots formed stable complex. In addition, the resonance light scattering analysis also showed that the fluorescence quenching process was accompanied by the agglomeration of particles. Based on the fluorescence quenching behavior of silicon quantum dots, we established a method for the fluorescent detection of Cu2+. When the concentration of Cu2+was in the range of 0. 04-2400 μmol/L, the fluorescence intensity would linearly decrease with the increase of Cu2+ concentration, and the detection limit (S/N=3) reached 1. 29×10-8 mol/L. The method provided high sensitivity, selectivity and reproducibility, and was successfully applied to the determination of trace copper in fruits and vegetables.

Objective To explore the characters of non-professional drivers' stress. Methods Two hundred and sixty-four non-professional drivers in Chengdu city were randomly investigated by Driver Stress Inventory(DSI). One hundred and five professional drivers were as control group. Results ①Compared with professional drivers,non-professional drivers scored higher in thrill seeking, cognitive fatigue and aggression (non-professional drivers :4.63±1.49,5.12±1.56,5.65±1.42; professional drivers: 3.60 ± 2.04,3.97 ± 2.02,4.56 ±1.84, P ＜ 0.01 ) ,and lower in hazard monitoring, driving anxiety and physiological fatigue (non-professional drivers:7.04±1.48,6.44±1.50,5.78±1.75; professional drivers:7.89 ± 1.45,6.99 ± 1.28,6.45 ± 2.37, P ＜0.01 ). ②Non-professional drivers' stress had significant differences in gender, age, marital state and driving experiences (P＜0.05). The male drivers scored higher in thrill seeking, aggression and physiological fatigue (male:4.79±1.53,6.78±1.46,5.94 ± 1.80; female:4.32±1.37,5.80±1.37,5.50 ± 1.61, P ＜ 0.05 ). Compared with other age driver groups, the 20 ～29 driver group scored higher in cognitive fatigue (5.44 ± 1.38 ), and lower in hazard monitoring(6.77±1.44) ,driving anxiety (6.03 ±1.46). Compared with unmarried drivers, married non-professional drivers scored higher in hazard monitoring and driving anxiety ,and lower in cognitive fatigue( married drivers:7.23±1.43,6.65±1.48,4.88±1.6; unmarried drivers :6.77±1.47,6.06±1.43,5.59±1.36, P ＜0.05 ). The non-professional drivers who drove more than 20 thousand kilometers scored higher in driving anxiety (6.89±1.41). Conclusion The non-professional drivers' stress isn' t optimistic, and influenced by their gender,age, marital state and driving experiences. Stress management should pay attention to them.

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis. Accumulated evidence has revealed that OSAS can induce systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction, which will contribute to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. T lymphocytes can be activated by inflammation and oxidative stress, resulting in the elevated cytotoxicity towards vascular endothelial cells. Thus, T lymphocytes play a key role in OSAS-related atherosclerosis development or progression via immuno-inflammatory alterations. This review described the current development of the role of T lymphocytes in OSAS-related atherosclerosis.

Objective To observe the incidence and clinical feature of sleep-related breathing disorder in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Methods Thirty-four IPF patients who were measured by polysomnography (PSG) were collected in the Department of Respiration of Tianjin Medical University General Hospital. According to the results of apnea hypoventilation index (AHI), patients were divided into pure IPF group (AHI<5 events/h, n=7) and IPF combined with obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (IPF+OSAHS) group (AHI≥5 events/h, n=27). The PSG reports of two groups were analyzed, and the correlation between AHI and pulmonary function and oxygen saturation in sleep and at wake were analyzed. Results (1)Thirty-four IPF patients were all demonstrated sleep disorders, low sleep efficiency, increased proportion of stageⅠand stageⅡand decreased proportion of stageⅢand rapid eye movement (REM). The arousal index and the proportion of stageⅠand stageⅡwere higher in IPF+OSAHS group than those of pure IPF group (P<0.01), while the proportion of stageⅢwas lower in IPF+OSAHS group than that of pure IPF group (P<0.01). There was no significant difference in stage REM between two groups. (2)Twenty-seven patients (79%) combined with OSAHS, among which five subjects (15%) were mild OSAHS with 5 events/h≤AHI<15 events/h, and 22 subjects (65%) were moderate-severe with AHI≥15 events/h. The main type of sleep-disorder breathing was hypoventilation, which mainly happened in stage REM. (3) Thirty-four IPF patients showed sleep hypoxemia, and the oxygen desaturation index (ODI) was higher in IPF-OSAHS group than those of pure IPF group (P<0.05). (4)The AHI was positively correlated with body mass index (r=0.791, P<0.05), and was negatively correlated with forced vital capacity (FVC%pred) (r=-0.574, P<0.05) and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1%pred) in IPF patients (r=-0.664, P<0.05). The lowest oxygen saturation (LSO2) and mean oxygen saturation (MSO2) in sleep were positively related with oxygen saturation at wake (r=0.421 and r=0.464, P<0.05 respectively). Conclusion The IPF patients show severe sleep disorder and hypoxemia, which can be worsen by OSAHS and produce negative effect on daily life. We should initiate active treatment in patients with sleep-related breathing disorders.

Objective To discuss the methods of selecting different shapes occluder and to evaluate the feasibility,safety and efficacy of them in transcatheter closures of congenital ventricular septal defect (VSD) in children.Methods Transcatheter closures were performed in 226 children with congenital VSD,age ranging from 2 to 14 years(mean 5.62 years) under the guidance of transthoracic echocardiography(TTE) and fluoroscopy.There were 14 patients with intracristal VSD,209 patients with perimembranous VSD and 3 patients with muscular VSD.Left ventriculography and transthoracic echocardiography were performed repeatedly after the procedure to assess the effect of occlusion.The echocardiography and electrocardiography were scheduled before discharge,1,6 and 12 months for the follow-up.Results The occluders were deployed successfully in 211 patients.The successful rate was 93.4%.Thin waist shape occluders,were deployed in 7 patients;equal side shape occluders,were deployed in 191 patients;eccentric shape occluders were deployed in 12 patients,and muscular defect occluders were deployed in 1 patient.There were no complications encountered during or after closure.Conclusions It is very important in transcatheter closure of congenital in children to select different shape occluder according to pathologic characteristics.In general,equal side shape occluder is suita-ble for a large number of defect and it is easy for deployment.In some conditions,the other shape occluder may be necessary.

In order to investigate the mechanism, the correlation between the odor change in Crataegi Fructus stir-fried process and 5-HMF were studied. Required samples were retrieved from Crataegi Fructus stir-fried process. Statistical quality control (SQC) was used to analyze the response values acquired by the electronic nose. At the same time, the content of 5-HMF was detected by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Correlation analysis was used to analyze the relationship between the above two. Experimental results showed that SQC model established by response values of all samples could show the change law of odor in Crataegi Fructus stir-fried process and changes of 5-HMF content was dropped after the first increase. Correlation analysis showed that the odor change in Crataegi Fructus stir-fried process and 5-HMF were significantly correlated (P < 0.05). Sugar degradation reaction and the Maillard reaction may be one of the mechanisms of the odor change in Crataegi Fructus stir-fried process.
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Crataegus ; chemistry ; Furaldehyde ; analogs & derivatives ; analysis ; Hot Temperature ; Odorants ; analysis ; Plant Extracts ; analysis ; Technology, Pharmaceutical ; methods