A model system which simulated the conditions of the human stomach was used in the experiments. Precursors NaNO2 and MNG formed MNNG and resulted in the positive mutagenic response to Salmonella typhimurium TA 100. When the concentration of the precursors was 50 mM NaNO2 and 100 mM MNG, the induced average number of revertant per plate was 4327 showed an approximate twenty fold spontaneous revertants. With diluting of the precursors, the mutagenic response was lower, showing a dose-response relationship between the mutagenic activity and the precursors concentration. It was found that, when precursor concentration was lower than 22.2 mM NaNO2 and 44.4 mM MNG, the formation of MNNG was blocked completely by the Chinese Kiwi fruit juice and mutation was inhibited. In the same concentration without the Chinese Kiwi fruit juice, the induced revertant was an approximate 13 fold of the spontaneous revertant. The Chinese Kiwi fruit could not block the formation of the MNNG when the precursors concentration was higher than 33.3 mM NaNO2, but it inhibited the mutagenic activity partly. Compared with the Chinese Kiwi fruit juice, the effect of the ascorbic acid solution in the same concentration was much less.It was demonstrated with TLC that MNNG was formed in the model system.

In order to observe the effect of Actinidia chinensis Planch fruit juice on blocking the formation of N-nitrosamide in vivo, 99 pregnant Wistar rats were divided into five groups. The rats of each group were orally given ni-trosamide precursor ethylurea (0.25, 0.50, 1.00, 2.00 4.00 mmol/kg) and NaNO2 (0.125, 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, 2.00 mmol/kg) respectively once a day for three days, on the 7th, 8th and 9th day of pregnancy. Half of the rats in. each group were administrated two precursors and a 4% starch solution, while the other half were administrated two precursors and the tested fruit juice.In the groups without the juice, NEU was formed in vivo, which led to a high mortality of embryos. The embryolethality was 5.21%, 43.66%, 71.7%, 85.8% and 100% respectively, and 4 pregnant rats died in the highest dosage group. However, the rats who received both the two precursors and the tested fruit juice, the living embryos and embryolethality were similar to the control groups except the highest dosage group. The none treatment group and groups only given one of the precursors were done as control groups. The results suggested that the concentrated juice could block the formation of NEU in vivo and prevent the embryotoxicity of NEU.

Objective To investigate the effect and mechanism of probiotic products on alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate(ANIT) induced intrahepatic cholestasis of rats.Methods Seventy-two SD rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: control group(n=8),intoxication group(n=32) and intervention group(n=32).After 3 days adapted feeding,all rats received a single intragastric administration of ANIT(200 mg/kg) to induce acute intrahepatic cholestasis.Probiotics[4.2?108/(kg?d)] was given to intervention group 2 days before ANIT was administrated.After ANIT was given,biliary flow,alanine aminotransferase transaminase(ALT),total bilirubin(TB) and gastrointestinal hormone were recorded in every 48 h till 192 h.SPSS 12.0 software was used to analyze the data.Results 1.Forty-eight hours after ANIT was gavaged,the biliary flow of intoxication and intervention groups were lowered while ALT and TB were increased.But the above observation items of intoxication group were more significantly altered than those of intervention group.Then,they all recovered gradually.Those of intervention group returned to nearly normal levels 144 h after ANIT was gavaged while those of the intoxication group recover at 192 h.2.After ANIT was gavaged,MTL of intoxication and intervention groups was lowered while vasoactive intestinal peptide(VIP) increased.But the above items of intoxication group were more significantly altered than those of intervention group.Then,they all recovered gradually and the intervention group was much more early to returned to normal levels than the intoxication group at 192 h.Conclusions Probiotics can promote the bowel movement through increasing the secretion of gastrointestinal hormone,then relieve the cholestasis.

Objective To compare the efficacies of exposure to cigarette smoke alone and in combination with intra-tracheal injection of lipopolysaccharide in establishing rat models of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods A total of 24 8-week-old healthy Wistar rats were randomly divided into 2 model groups and a control group (Group C). The rat COPD models were established by two ways; intratracheal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) twice + exposure to cigarette smoke for 1 month (Group A), and cigarette smoke inhalation for 80 days only (Group B). The pathologic characteristics of animal models, including the mean lining interval (MLI) and the mean alveoli number(MAN), were determined. The total and different white blood cell counts in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF) and blood samples were determined. Results The rats in the two model groups presented with cough or breathlessness periodically, and the white blood cell counts and neutrophil counts in the peripheral blood and BALF were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.01). H-E staining showed that the lung tissues of rats in Group A and B had typical pathological features of COPD and emphysema. MLI were significantly higher and MAN were significantly lower in Group A and B than those in group C (both P<0.01), but there was no statistical difference between the two model groups. Group A had more severe inflammatory response in the bronchial and lung tissues than Group B. And Group B was characterized by alveolar overdistension. Conclusion Both the two methods can successfully establish rat COPD model, with its pathophysiological changes similar to those of human COPD, with intra-tracheal injection of lipopolysaccharide being more consistent to the natural development of disease.

OBJECTIVETo compare the difference in the clinical efficacy on mild and moderate female stress urinary incontinence (FSUI) between transcutaneous acupoint electrical stimulation and oral administration of midodrine hydrochloride tablets.

METHODSNinety cases of mild and moderate FSUI were randomized into an observation group and a control group, 45 cases in each one. In the observation group, the transcutaneous acupoint electrical stimulation was applied to Ciliao (BL 32), Shenshu (BL 23), Zigong (EX-CA 1), Guanyuan (CV 4) and Qihai (CV 6), once a day. In the control group, midodrine hydrochloride tablets were prescribed for oral administration, 2. 5 mg per treatment, three times each day. The duration of treatment was 4 weeks. The score of international consultation on incontinence questionnaire-urinary incontinence short form (ICI-Q-SF) and leakage of urine in 1 h urinal pad test were observed before and after treatment in the patients of the two groups, and the efficacy was compared between the two groups.

RESULTSThe score of ICI-Q-SF and leakage of urine in urinal pad test after treatment were all improved apparently as compared with those before treatment in the two groups (all P<0. 01), and the results in the observation group were better than those in the control group (both P<0. 01). The total effective rate was 86. 7% (39/45) in the observation group, which was better than 68. 9% (31/45, P<0. 05) in the control group.

CONCLUSIONThe transcutaneous acupoint electrical stimulation achieves the better efficacy on FSUI as compared with the oral administration of midodrine hydrochloride tablets. This therapy effectively improves the patient's urine control ability and reduces leakage of urine.

Acupuncture Points ; Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation ; Treatment Outcome ; Urinary Incontinence, Stress ; physiopathology ; therapy

Objective To observe the baseline characteristics and visual outcomes after two years follow-up of exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD) patients treated with ranibizumb. Methods Forty-four eyes of 44 patients with exudative AMD were enrolled into this retrospective study, 19 were men and 25 were women. The mean age was 78 years (range 64–92 years). All patients were underwent best corrected visual acuity (BCVA, Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study), fundus color photography, fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA), indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) and optical coherence tomography (OCT). The mean BCVA was (50.36±14.43) letters, the mean central foveal thickness (CFT) was (291.95± 82.19)μm, and the fluorescence leakage area of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) was (7.61±5.84) mm2. All patients received three initial intravitreous injection of ranibizumb (IVR) and were retreated with monthly IVR when needed. The mean follow up time was 25.6 months (range 24–29 months). On 1, 2, 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months after treatment, BCVA and OCT were repeated. On 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months after treatment, FFA and ICGA were repeated. The change of BCVA, CFT and fluorescence leakage area of CNV were observed. The association of baseline characteristics and two year visual outcomes were analyzed. Results On 1, 2, 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months after treatment, the BCVA were improved significantly (t=?1.89,?3.51,?4.61,?4.04,?5.77,?4.69;P<0.05), the CFT were decreased significantly (t=1.51, 2.30, 3.40, 3.28, 3.54, 3.88, 3.73;P<0.05). On 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months after treatment, the fluorescence leakage area of CNV were reduced significantly (t=2.12, 2.90, 3.51, 4.12, 4.06;P<0.05). The lower baseline BCVA, the more improved after treatment. The BCVA improvement degree has a negative relationship with baseline BCVA and fluorescence leakage area of CNV (r=0.505,?0.550;P<0.05), but no correlation with baseline CFT (r=0.210, P>0.05). Conclusion Two year visual outcomes of exudative AMD patients treated with ranibizumb is negative correlated with baseline BCVA and fluorescence leakage area of CNV, but not correlated with baseline CFT.

Accidents, Occupational ; statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Poisoning ; epidemiology

Objective To make a systematical review of the safety and efifcacy of Etomidate plus Fentanyl-class drugs and Propofol plus Fentanyl-class drugs in older patients undergoing gastroscopy. Methods We searched the Cochrane library, PubMed, Embase, China Biology Medicine (CBM), CNKI, VIP, Wanfang Database for all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) about the efifcacy of Etomidate plus Fentanyl-class drugs(Fentanyl, Sufentanil, remifentanil) in older patients undergoing gastroscopy. The quality of the studies was evaluated by the method recommended by the Jadad scale. Meta-analysis was conducted using the Cochrane Collaboration’s RevMan 5.3 software. Results 11 RCTs involving 1 535 patients were analyzed. Meta-analysis showed that patients in the Etomidate group had a lower heart rate [Weighted Mean Difference (WMD)=2.25, 95%CI(0.93, 3.56), P=0.001] and mean arterial pressure [WMD=9.09, 95%CI (7.60, 10.57), P=0.000] lfuctuation than whose of the Propofol group.The hypoxemia occurrence [O^R=0.46, 95%CI (0.32, 0.65), P=0.000] in Etomidate group is also lower than which of the Propofol group. For side effects aspects, the risk of apnea[O^R=0.26, 95%CI(0.15, 0.48), P=0.000] and injection pain [O^R=0.02, 95%CI (0.01, 0.05), P=0.000] in the Etomidate group is much lower than the Propofol group ,while the myoclonus [O^R=8.14, 95%CI (4.18, 15.87), P=0.000], nausea and vomiting [O^R=3.44, 95%CI (2.03, 5.84), P=0.000] were more incidental than the Propofol group. Conclusion Etomidate plus Fentanyl-class drugs can effectively maintain circulatory system for the old undergoing painless gastroscopy, demonstrated to be a safe and valid anesthesia method.

Objective To investigate the effect of deproteinated bone(DPB)-bone morphogenetic protein(BMP) complex on bone tunnel enlargement after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in rabbits.Methods A total of 96 adult New Zealand white rabbits were used in this study,and divided into 4 groups.In each group,we reconstructed the anterior cruciate ligaments of the animals using semitendinosus autograft.After the operation,DPB-BMP complex,DPB,or BMP was implanted into the femoral bone tunnel of the rabbits in three of the 4 groups.Another group that received neither DPB nor BMP served as a control.In 4,8,12,or 16 weeks after the implantation(6 rabbits in each group at each time point),we killed the animals to obtain the specimens of the femoral bone tunnel.Then the width of the tunnel was measured,and the percentage of its enlargement was calculated.Results In the DPB+BMP,DPB,BMP,and control groups,the bone tunnel was enlarged by(23.52?0.43)%,(34.83?0.52)%,(51.57?0.76)%,and(56.90?0.81)% in 4 weeks,(22.21?0.34)%,(35.35?0.46)%,(60.97?0.63)%,and(67.18?0.70)% in 8 weeks,(21.94?0.37)%,(33.01?0.41)%,(50.56?0.54)%,and(54.61?0.55)% in 12 weeks,and(20.96?0.35)%,(32.11?0.50)%,(49.29?0.66)%,and(53.31?0.59)% in 16 weeks,respectively.The rates of bone tunnel enlargement in the DPB+BMP group was the lowest at each time point(DPB+BMP group

Objective To investigate arterial blood gas(ABG)changes induced by different intra- abdominal pressures during CO_2 pneumoperitoneum in rabbits with lung and liver impact injury under controlled hemorrhage.Methods In this study 75 rabbits were randomized into nine groups(6 rabbits in each group)according to the amount of blood loss(6 ml/kg、12 ml/kg、22 ml/kg)and intra-abdominal pressures(5 mm Hg,10 mm Hg,15 mm Hg).After model was established successsfully,respiratory rates (RR),ABG and death rates were observed at pre-pneumoperitoneum,after 0.5 hour and 2 hours under pneumoperitoneum and 0.5 hour after desufflation.Results Without pneumoperitoneum,different blood loss exerted different effect on arterial blood gas:RR,PaCO_2 increased(P