Good palatability of pediatric drugs improves the accuracy of dosing and adherence to dosing regimens. Many active pharmaceutical ingredients have an undesirable taste, so effective taste masking methods need to be developed to improve the palatability of pediatric medicines. This article mainly introduces the commonly taste masking techniques and taste evaluation methods, and puts forward suggestions on the concerns and general principles of the pharmaceutical evaluation of taste masking effects based on cases, in order to provide reference for the development of drug taste masking technology in children.

A questionnaire survey on awareness of child health management was conducted in 238 family members ( 236 were parents) of children aged 0 - 36 months; among whom 92 of children aged 0 to 6 months,85 of children aged 7 to 12 months,33 of children aged 13 to 18 months,16 of children aged 19 to 24 months and 12 of children aged 24 to 36 months.52.1％ of the surveyees had college education level.The awareness about medical examination in last half year in female subjects was higher than males ( P ＜ 0.05).There were no differences in other health management knowledge.The results showed that the average times of medical examination was 2.8 ± 1.9 in last half year; the age for supplement of meat in food was 7.4 ± 2.4 mouths; supplement of meat,animal liver and eggs was more than 7 time a week.The subjects with college education or above paid more attention to the children's growth,risk for rickets and anemia than other peoples.Pure breast feeding accounted for only 37.0％ (88/238).The study indicates that strengthening the knowledge and awareness is necessary to improve the children health management.

Dental Implants, Single-Tooth ; Dental Prosthesis, Implant-Supported ; Esthetics ; Humans ; Maxilla

Objective To discuss the methods of selecting different shapes occluder and to evaluate the feasibility,safety and efficacy of them in transcatheter closures of congenital ventricular septal defect (VSD) in children.Methods Transcatheter closures were performed in 226 children with congenital VSD,age ranging from 2 to 14 years(mean 5.62 years) under the guidance of transthoracic echocardiography(TTE) and fluoroscopy.There were 14 patients with intracristal VSD,209 patients with perimembranous VSD and 3 patients with muscular VSD.Left ventriculography and transthoracic echocardiography were performed repeatedly after the procedure to assess the effect of occlusion.The echocardiography and electrocardiography were scheduled before discharge,1,6 and 12 months for the follow-up.Results The occluders were deployed successfully in 211 patients.The successful rate was 93.4%.Thin waist shape occluders,were deployed in 7 patients;equal side shape occluders,were deployed in 191 patients;eccentric shape occluders were deployed in 12 patients,and muscular defect occluders were deployed in 1 patient.There were no complications encountered during or after closure.Conclusions It is very important in transcatheter closure of congenital in children to select different shape occluder according to pathologic characteristics.In general,equal side shape occluder is suita-ble for a large number of defect and it is easy for deployment.In some conditions,the other shape occluder may be necessary.

In order to investigate the mechanism, the correlation between the odor change in Crataegi Fructus stir-fried process and 5-HMF were studied. Required samples were retrieved from Crataegi Fructus stir-fried process. Statistical quality control (SQC) was used to analyze the response values acquired by the electronic nose. At the same time, the content of 5-HMF was detected by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Correlation analysis was used to analyze the relationship between the above two. Experimental results showed that SQC model established by response values of all samples could show the change law of odor in Crataegi Fructus stir-fried process and changes of 5-HMF content was dropped after the first increase. Correlation analysis showed that the odor change in Crataegi Fructus stir-fried process and 5-HMF were significantly correlated (P < 0.05). Sugar degradation reaction and the Maillard reaction may be one of the mechanisms of the odor change in Crataegi Fructus stir-fried process.
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Crataegus ; chemistry ; Furaldehyde ; analogs & derivatives ; analysis ; Hot Temperature ; Odorants ; analysis ; Plant Extracts ; analysis ; Technology, Pharmaceutical ; methods

[ABSTRACT]OBJECTIVEThe purpose of this study was to analyze the screened miRNAs related to the chemosensitivity for the TPF regimen of hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma by miRNA array, and provide a set of miRNAs that may be useful for the development of novel diagnostic markers and more effective therapeutic strategies from the screened miRNAs.METHODSA total number of 21 patients who underwent TPF induction chemotherapy for primary hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma were recruited for miRNA array analysis. 12 patients are sensitive to chemotherapy, and 9 patients are not. Moreover, the selected putative regulated miRNAs were also validated by RT-PCR in another 24 patients (14 patients are sensitive to chemotherapy, and others are not).RESULTSThere were 24 miRNA significantly differencial to the sensitivity to chemotherapy, and 6 miRNAs were up-regulated in the TPF group while 18 miRNA were down-regulated (P<0.05). To identify typical miRNA, mirfocus 3.0 database selected four miRNAs hsa-miR-211-3p, hsa-miR-4253, hsa-miR-4443, and hsa-miR-193b-3p, which were significant down-regulated in TPF-sensitive group. QRT-PCR further validated that only three miRNA (hsa-miR-4253、hsa-miR-4443、hsa-miR-193b-3p) were under-expressed in TPF-sensitive group of another 24 tissue samples (P<0.05).CONCLUSIONMiRNA hsa-miR-193b-3p, hsa-miR-4253, hsa-miR-4443 were identified in TPF-sensitive tissues by microarrays, and further validated by RT-PCR. These down-regulated miRNAs may act as novel biomarkers to classify TPF sensitivity of hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma patients and will contribute to the understanding of the molecular basis of the chemosensitivity in the disease.

Objective To assess the value of multi-slice computer tomography enterography (MSCTE) in demonstrating small intestinal diseases.Methods MSCTE was performed with iso-osmotic manitol (2.5%) as oral contrast in 98 patients with various kinds of suspected small intestinal diseases.All patients were inter- viewed about their tolerance of the procedure.Demonstration of features of various kinds of small intestinal dis- eases was analyzed.MSCTE diagnosis of different small intestinal diseases were compared with the final clinical diagnosis.Results The procedure was acceptable by all patients and no obvious complication was found. MSCTE was performed for 2 patients because of the failure of conventional small bowel enteroclysis.CT features of many kinds of diseases such as tumors,Crohn's disease were clearly displayed.The sensitivity of MSCTE was 96.5% (83/86),accuracy 90.8% (89/98).Conclusion MSCTE is a simple,rapid,noninvasive and effective method in evaluating small intestinal diseases.

OBJECTIVETo calculate the latent period of lung cancer induced by air pollution.

METHODSThe degree of grey incidence (DGI) between the concentrations of TSP or SO(2) and the mortality of lung cancer were assessed through a grey system model. According to the maximum values of DGI, the total latent period of lung cancer was calculated. Data was collected in H city.

RESULTSThe maximum DGI value of TSP was 0.886 while the relationship between the comparison sequence from 1985 to 1989 and the reference sequence from 1994 to 1998 was greatly correlated. The maximum DGI value of SO(2) was 0.919 while the relationship between the comparison sequence from 1986 to 1990 and the reference sequence from 1994 to 1998 was most correlated.

CONCLUSIONSThe latent periods of lung cancer induced by TSP and SO(2) were 7 and 8 years respectively in H city. The model of grey system was less affected by the confounding factors, and the calculation process was relatively simple. A feasible and useful new way was provided by the model of grey system for quantitative analysis of the latent period of lung cancer induced by air pollutants.

Air Pollutants ; adverse effects ; China ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms ; epidemiology ; etiology ; mortality ; Models, Biological ; Particle Size ; Risk Factors ; Sulfur Dioxide ; adverse effects

This paper is in order to study the anti-feeding and growth inhibition activity of toatal ginsenoside of ginseng stems and leaves against 4th-instar Mythimna separata larvae. Simulating natural growing condition indoors, on the base, To study the anti-feeding and growth inhibition activity of toatal ginsenoside against 4th-instar M. separata larvae by leaf disc test. The toatal ginsenoside appeared to be of significant antifeeding activity against 4th-instar M. separata larvae. The 4th-instar M. separata larvae fed on the leaves of Sorghum bicolor treated with 20, 10, 5 g · L(-1) toatal ginsenoside. At 8 h, non-selective anti-feeding rate were 88.67%, 64.40% and 47.36%, and selective anti-feeding rate were 62.49% , 44.29% and 34.19%; Compared with the photographic, The toatal ginsenoside conld make the development period had prolonged 13h in treated group. The toatal ginsenoside had significant inhibition effect on feeding and growth and development against 4th-instar M. separata larvae, and inhibition effect increases as the increase of concentration ginsenoside.
Animals ; Ginsenosides ; pharmacology ; Insecticides ; pharmacology ; Larva ; Moths ; growth & development ; Panax ; chemistry