Eighty percent of unexplained syncope children can be diagnosed of vasovagal syncope (VVS). Positive head-up tilt test (HUTT) leads to the diagnosis of VVS. However,organical diseases which can cause syncope should be excluded before HUTT was taken. The therapies of VVS include nonpharmacological therapy (health education, head-up training, water and salt supplement), pharmacological therapy (β-blockers, α-receptor agonists, fludrocortisone, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, angiotension converting enzyme inhibitors, et al.) and pace maker.

Objective Through the English newspaper reading activities to create the information transmission platform based on the medium of English,so as to improve the students' ability of receiving,understanding,conversion,processing,and output information.Methods Two natural classes of seven-year program students of Grade 2011 with no difference in Englishproficiencywere selected at randomas control group(30) and the experimental group(30).And reform on reading course has been performed in the experimental class by incorporating English newspaper reading into traditional teaching routine,while the control class maintain the traditional teaching routine.After the teaching,through CET 4 test scores to evaluate the teaching effect.Independent t-test was conducted on the performances of CET 4 between the experimental class and controlled class with the level of test α=0.05.Results The control group was higher than the experimental group inthe total scoreof CET 4 and the performance oflistening and reading,and there was significant difference between the two groups(P of totalscore=0.000,P of listening score=0.002,P of reading score=0.001).But there was no statistically significant difference in writing subtests between the two groups(P=0.072).Conclusion By adopting English newspaper reading and broadcasting in class,students' overall ability of using English has been greatly enhanced,especially the listening comprehension and reading comprehension; however,there is no significant change in the development of students' writing ability due to the tasks designed.

Objective Cardiovascular mortality and morbidity is common in dialysis patients and fluid overload is the most important contributor. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between volume overload and hypertension in elderly continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients and effect of dietary salt restriction on blood pressure control. Methods Thirty-eight CAPD patients with age of 60 years old and over were enrolled in the present study. 38 patients with CAPD were restricted the intake of salt and fluid in stable CAPD patients for two months. Their body weight, extracellular water (ECW), intracellular water (ICW), total body water (TBW), blood pressure, serum albumin levels, urine volume and ultrafiltrate volume were measured before and after the dietary restriction. Bioimpedance analysis was used to assess their fluid status. ECW was normalized by patients' ideal weight (nECW). Results After dietary salt restriction, significant deceases in body weight 〔(60.5?10.3) kg vs (58.5?9.7) kg, P =0.000〕, ECW 〔(15.81?3.03) L vs (14.65?2.61) L, P =0.000〕 and systolic blood pressure 〔(134.0?18.3) mm Hg vs (128.3?21.0) mm Hg, P =0.05〕 were observed in 26 patients whereas the opposite changes were observed in the remaining 12 patients. A significant correlation was found between systolic blood pressure and nECW both before and after two months of dietary restriction ( r _ pre =0.379, P =0.019; r _ post =0.393, P =0.016) and between the changes in systolic blood pressure and changes in nECW ( r =0.514, P =0.001). Conclusions The present study suggests that there is a positive correlation between fluid status and blood pressure. Most of the elderly CAPD patients are fluid overloaded and that dietary salt restriction may be an effective way to control volume and blood pressure. However, the compliance of patients to dietary salt restriction can influence the effect.

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the infusion solutions which are compatible with Compound kushen injection. METHODS:The insoluble particles of kushen injection in four kinds of infusion solutions were detected respectively by light blockage method.RESULTS:Insoluble particles of different size and number were noted for Compound kushen injection when mixed respectively with four kinds of infusion solutions,but the insoluble particles in all kinds of infusion solutions except 10% glucose injection were all within the range specified in China Pharmacopeia(2005 edition).CONCLUSION: 0.9% sodium ch-loride injection is the optimal compatible infusion solution for Compound kushen injection.

BACKGROUND:A variety of cel growth factors are involved in skeletal muscle regeneration; moreover, these factors cooperate with each other to promote muscle repair and regeneration. OBJECTIVE:To explore the synergy mechanism of a variety of cel growth factors in promoting damage repair. METHODS:By using literature survey, Wanfang, CNKI and PubMed databases were searched for articles related to exercise-induced muscle damage and repair using the keywords of “cel growth factor; skeletal muscle damage;repair; fibroblast growth factor” in Chinese and English, respectively. Research achievements related to exercise-induced muscle damage, molecular biological characteristics of cel growth factors and skeletal muscle injury repair are discussed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Basic fibroblast growth factor plays a basic biological role to promote cel proliferation and angiogenesis, which is the strongest cytokine known to promote cel growth and reflects a very important role in skeletal muscle repair. Epidermal growth factor is synthesized by monocytes and ectodermal cels, which is prominent to stimulate the division and proliferation of a variety of tissues and cels, enhance cel movement, division and synthesis of interstitial protein. Insulin-like growth factors are a family of insulin-like growth factor 1-related and insulin-like growth factor 2-related peptides, which can promote muscle protein synthesis, promote muscle cel proliferation and differentiation, and participate in skeletal muscle regeneration and repair, thereby accelerating wound healing of the muscles. Neurotrophic factor is a kind of trace soluble substances around sensory neurons and produced by neuron-targeted cels, which can specificaly promote neuronal growth and maintenance, and promote skeletal muscle repair. But studies on the synergy mechanism of a variety of cel growth factors in the repair of exercise-induced muscle damage are just at the initial stage, and further research is necessary.

Objective To assess the volume of epicardial adipose tissue(EAT) and intrathoracic adipose tissue(IAT) and the correlation of EAT,IAT and the EAT/IAT ratio with the severity of coronary artery atherosclerosis in patients with metabolic syndrome(MS) and coronary heart disease(CHD).Methods Ninty-seven MS subjects without coronary atherosclerosis and one hundred and eighteen MS subjects with CHD were enrolled in this study.The volumes of EAT,PAT and IAT were measured using axial data from base to apex traced manually with a dedicated semiautomatic software program-volume.Results (1)Compared with MS subjects without coronary atherosclerosis,MS subjects with CHD had significantly increased age[(60.6± 1 1.4)years vs.(57.9 ± 8.7) years,P=0.001],positive family history of cardiovascular disease(29.7％ vs.21.6％,P=0.03),EAT[(98.3±41.4) cm3 vs.(82.2±39.7) cm3,P=0.001],IAT [(171.3±64.1) cm3 vs.(156.2±48.1) cm3,P=0.001] and HbA1c[(7.1 ± 1.8)％ vs.(6.6±2.3)％,P=0.02],but siginificantly reduced total cholesterol[TC,(4.9 ± 1.2)mmol/L vs.(5.4 ± 1.0) mmol/L,P=0.003],low-density lipoprotein cholesterol[LDL-C,(3.0±1.1) mmol/L vs.(3.6±1.0) mmol/L,P=0.03] and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol[HDL-C,(1.0 ± 0.4) mmol/L vs.(1.1 ± 0.3) mmol/L,P=0.04].(2) In MS subjects without coronary atherosclerosis,the volumes of EAT,pericardial adipose tissue(PAT) and IAT were associated with gender,body mass index(BMI),waist circumference(WC),diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia(all P＜0.05); however,in MS subjects with CHD,the volumes of EAT,PAT and IAT were associated with BMI and WC (both P＜0.05).(3) The volumes of EAT and IAT were correlated with calcification grades(r values were 0.45 and 0.50,P values were 0.017 and 0.013,respectively) and Gensini score(r values were 0.476 and 0.563,P values were 0.015 and 0.017,respectively) instead of coronary artery calcifacation score(CACS).Moreover,the EAT/IAT ratio was negatively correlated with CACS(r=-0.321,P=0.028).Conclusions Compared with MS subjects without coronary atherosclerosis,MS subjects with CHD have significantly increased EAT and IAT volumes.In our subjects,the volumes of EAT,PAT and IAT were associated with BMI and WC.Only in MS subjects with CHD,the volumes of EAT and IAT were correlated with caleification and Gensini score.

Objective To compare respiratory syncytial virus(RSV)infection and inflammatory responses between immunocompetent BALB/c mice and immanodeficient nude mice.Methods At various time points after BSV infection of BALB/c mice and nude mice,pulmonary viral titers were assayed.Leukocvtes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF)and pulmonary histology were identified.F4/80+cells and CD49b+cells in lung tissue were examined by immunohistochemistry,and the cytokines of TNF-α,IL-12,IFN-r and IL-10 in BALF were assayed by ELISA.Results RSV titers in infected BALB/c mice and nude mice peaked on the 3rd day postinoculation,and nude mice had higher-level and more durative viral replication than BALB/c mice.RSV infection induced more severe pulmonary histopathology and larger number of leukocytes in airway in nude mice than in BALB/c mice.RSV infection enhanced more pulmonary F4/80+macrophages,CD49b+ NK cells in both mice.Furthermore infected nude mice had larger amount of pulmonary macrophages and NK cells than infected BALB/c mice.RSV infected BALB/c mice secreted more TNF-α,IL-12,IFN-r and IL-10 as compared with control BALB/c mice,and infected nude mice had hisher level of TNF-α.IL-12 and IL-10 than infected BALB/c mice.Conclusion Nude mice are good model for severe and pemistent RSV infection in immunocomprised hosts.The inflammation induced by RSV infection is not parallel with the immune response of T cells,and macrophages and NK cells are potent immunocytes and inflammatory cells in RSV infection especially when T lymphocytes are absent.

Objective To explore the effects of oral rehydration salts [Ⅰ] (ORS Ⅰ) for autonomic nerve mediated syncope(NMS) in children with different hemodynamic patterns.Methods A total of 105 patients with unexplained syncope and prodromal symptoms of syncope who were confirmed as NMS by head-up tilt table test(HUTY) and treated in the Department of Pediatric Cardiovasology,Children's Medical Center,the Second Xiangya Hospital,Central South University,from March 2012 to February 2015.Their ages were from 4 to 18 years old,the average age was (11.96 ± 2.86) years old.Totally 73 cases were diagnosed as vasovagal syncope (VVS) (46 cases were vasodepressor type,27 cases were VVS mixed type or cardioinhibitory type),while 32 cases were diagnosed as postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome(POTS).Simple random method was used to divide them into conventional therapy (health education and tilt training) plus ORS Ⅰ group (55 cases),and conventional therapy group (50 cases).Patients were followed up for 6-25 (14.82 ± 6.13) months.The recurrence of syncope and review of HUTT outcome assessment in 6 months,treatment was studied to evaluate short-term efficacy of 2 different therapies for NMS in children with different hemodynamic patterns.Taking recurrence of syncope as outcome events,Kaplan-Meier curves were drawn to compare long-term efficacy of different therapies in treating NMS children.Results There was no statistical difference in the short-term efficacy among the different hemodynamic patterns when treated with conventional therapy plus ORS I,or conventional therapy(all P ＞ 0.05).The cumulative efficiency of the conventional therapy plus ORS Ⅰ was superior to that of the conventional therapy for NMS children through the long-term follow-up study (74.5％ vs.52.0％,x2 =14.424,P ＜ 0.01).Patients with vasodepressor patterns had a better response than those with mixed or cardioinhibitory patterns to conventional therapy plus ORS I (90.0％ vs.61.1％,x2 =4.435,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Compared with VVS mixed type or cardioinhibitory type,children with VVS vasodepressor patterns are more appropriate to take ORS I as initial treatment.

Hepatic stellate cells(HSCs),the pluripotent cells,exist between liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and hepatic epithelial cells. Activated HSCs transform to myofibroblast-like cells,start to proliferate,and de novo express some proinflammatory and profibrogenic genes,which promote hepatic fibrogenesis. Previous studies mainly focused on the relationship between HSCs and liver fibrosis,however,recent studies indicate that HSCs are essential for proliferation, differentiation and maturation of various liver cells in the process of liver development and regeneration. This review systematically summarized the source,developmental regulation and function of HSCs,and focused on progress of recent studies on the role of HSCs in liver development and regeneration. The novel knowledge of HSCs may provide clues for treatment of liver diseases.

Objective To investigate the role of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1?) in glomerulosclerosis secondary to adriamycin (ADR)-induced nephropathy in rats, and the effect of simvastatin on the expression of IL-1?. Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into normal control, ADR-induced nephropathy (model), and simvastatin-treated ADR nephropathy (treatment) groups. After ADR-induced nephropathy establishment in model and treatment groups, and eleven weeks of intragastrical administer of normal saline in normal control and model groups and of simvastatin in treatment group, the expression of IL-1? was detected by immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR and ELISA. Histopathological change of renal tissues was observed under light microscope, and glomerulosclerosis index (GSI) was also evaluated. Results Higher expression of IL-1? in kidney and GSI, as well as more severe loss of renal function were observed in model group than those in control group (all P