AIM:To discuss the related factors that affected the stability of posterior corneal surface after laser in situ keratomileusis ( LASIK) .
METHODS:About 64 patients (64 eyes) were enrolled. The correlation among the changes in posterior corneal surface 6 month after LASIK, surgery method, corneal flap thickness ( FT ) , ablation thickness ( AT ) , postoperative residual corneal stroma thickness ( RCST ) , preoperative thinnest corneal thickness ( CT ) , flap thickness/preoperative thinnest corneal thickness ( FT/CT ) , ablation thickness/preoperative thinnest corneal thickness ( AT/CT) , postoperative residual corneal stroma thickness/preoperative thinnest corneal thickness ( RCST/CT) , anterior and posterior preoperative corneal height, the difference of the forward shift in posterior corneal surface ( diff value ) of preoperative and preoperative intraocular pressure were analyzed.
RESULTS: The changes of diff value between preoperative and postoperative were related with diopter (r=0.419, P=0.014), AT (r=0.394, P=0.023), AT/CT (r=0.501, P=0.004), Diff value of preoperative (r=0.501, P=0. 004), RCST (r=-0. 385, P=0. 033) and RCST/CT (r=-0. 401, P=0. 025). The changes of height value from posterior corneal surface between preoperative and postoperative were related with diopter (r=0. 520, P=0. 002), AT (r=0.504, P=0. 003), AT/CT (r=0. 442, P=0. 013), Diff value of preoperative (r=0. 624, P=0. 000) and RCST/CT (r=-0. 394, P=0. 028).
CONCLUSION: AT, RCST, AT/CT, RCST/CT and diff value of preoperative should be the key index that predicted the stability of posterior corneal surface after LASIK,the further research will give the range of safety value.

AlM: To research the characteristics of positive relative accommodation ( PRA) , negative relative accommodation (NRA) and PRA/NRA ratio in myopes. To analyze the relationship among PRA, NRA, PRA/NRA ratio, spherical equivalent degree, years and habbits of wearing glasses, myopia development, and pupil diameter.METHODS: Aretrospective study of ninety eyes in the 180 th Hospital of Quanzhou from August 2014 to December 2014. PRA, NRA and PRA/NRA ratio were compared among low, moderate, high myopes and emmetropes. The correlation were analyzed among PRA, NRA, PRA/NRA ratio, spherical equivalent degree, years and habbits of wearing glasses, myopia development and pupil diameter. PRA, NRA, PRA/NRA ratio, years and habbits of wearing glasses and pupil diameter were compared between progress group and non-progress group.RESULTS: ( 1 ) Without statistical differences in age, sex and intraocular pressure, PRA and PRA/NRA ratio of myopes were lower than emmetropes, while NRA was higher. (2) Without statistical differences in age, sex and intraocular pressure, PRA, PRA/NRA ratio and NRA had no statistical differences while years and habbits of wearing glasses had statistical differences among low, moderate, high myopes. ( 3 ) With longer years of wearing glasses, PRA, PRA/NRA ratio were larger and NRA, pupils were smaller. ( 4 ) Without statistical differences in age, diopter and intraocular pressure, one group which were not easy to deepen degree had more often-wear-glasses myopia patiens and longer years of wearing glasses, the other group which were easy to deepen degree had more seldom-wear-glasses myopia patiens and shorter years of wearing glasses.CONCLUSlON: PRA and PRA/NRA ratio of myopes were lower than emmetropes, while NRA was higher. No correlated relation was detected among PRA, NRA, PRA/NRA ratio, spherical equivalent degree and myopia development. lt suggests the onset and progress of myopia are related to many factors. Wearing-glass timely and accurately can release the decline of PRA and PRA/NRA ratio and slow down degree development in myopes.

Objective To compare the gene expression difference between 0.1 and 5 Gy X-ray irradiated cells,and to explore its possible mechanism.Methods A cDNA microarray corresponding to 45033 human genes was used to analyze the transcriptional profiles of normal human lymphoblastoid AHH-1 cells at 4 h after 0.1 or 5 Gy irradiation.The genes with a fold change ≥ 2.0 were identified as the differentially expressed genes.real-lime PCR and Western blot were used to confirm the expression of PERP.Results The microarray assay showed that there were 760 up-regulated genes and 1222 down-regulated genes in the cells at 0.1 Gy,while there were 744 genes down-regulated and 457 genes up-regulated in the cells at 5 Gy.In addition,55 genes were commonly up-regulated and 339 genes commonly down-regulated at 0.1 and 5 Gy.The predominant biological processes of the differential genes responding to low-dose radiation include cell-cell signaling transduction and DNA damage response,and the altered genes after 5 Gy irradiation were related to cell proliferation,differentiation,and apoptosis.Moreover,the expression of PERP gene was down regulated,which was consistent with the data of microarrey assay.Conclusions The quantitative and qualitative differences in the gene expressions may contribute to the diversed biological effects induced by low or high doses of ionizina radiation.

Objective To observe the radiosensitivity by targeting HIF-lα in human lung cancer and the effects on tumor growth in nude mice.Methods Radiosensitivity of A549 and A549/HIF-1α ( － ) cells were tested by clonogenic forming assay.A549/HIF-1 α( － ) cells and A549 cells were injected into the male BALB/C nude mice.Tumor growth was observed.The expression of HIF-1α and microvessel density were detected by immunohistochemistry method.Results SERs of HIF-1α gene silencing were 1.03 in normoxia and 1.65 in hypoxia.The sizes of tumor xenografts derived from A549/HIF-1α( － ) cells were significantly reduced compared to those of the xenografts derived from A549 cells.HIF-1 α protein staining result showed a dramatic decrease in tumors from A549/HIF-1α ( － ) mice.The microvessel densities (MVD) were 19.83 ± 4.09 in A549 group and 11.61 ±3.04 in A549/HIF-lα (-)group(F=15.57,P ＜0.05 ).Conclusions Hypoxia-induced radio-resistance in lung cancer A549 cells could be reversed by silencing the HIF-1α.It also retards the growth of tumor xenografts,decreases HIF-1α expression and reduces the vascularity.

AIM: To investigate the clinical characteristics, surgical outcome and curative effect of congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles ( CFEOM) .
METHODS: The eye exam of members in a Chinese family with CFEOM includes visual acuity, intraocular pressure, dilated fundus exam, extraocular muscle function test, orbital CT scan, and ultrasound. We did extraocular muscle surgery or frontalis suspension procedure for affected subjects in the family.
RESULTS: The incidence of CFEOM in this family was 31%. All patients were affected bilateraly with symptom of congenital eye movement disorder, ptosis, hypotropia, perverted convergence on upgaze and chin up head position. As the age grows, the diseases worsen unobviously. No other systemic disorder was found. Surgical treatment improved the anomalous head position although the ocular movement disorder preserved.
CONCLUSION: The pattern of inheritance in our serial patients are autosomal dominant. Surgery can improve chin up head position and cosmetic appearance. However, the eye movement deficiency cannot be improved.

Objective To investigate the early development of the sinus venosus and the cardiac conduction system (CCS) of human embryonic hearts. Methods Serial transverse sections of 29 human embryonic hearts from Carnegie stage 10 to Carnegie stage 16 (C10-C16) were stained immunohistochemically with antibodies against α-smooth muscle actin(α-SMA),α-sarcomeric actin(α-SCA) and desmin ( DES ). Results During C12 and C13, the sinus venosus formed by confluence of systematic veins at the caudal end of the pericardial cavity could be recognized in the mesenchyme of primitive transverse septum. The mesenchymal cells of the sinus venosus gradually differentiated into α-SCA positive cardiocyocytes. At C14, the sinus venosus was within the pericardial cavity due to expansion of the pericardial cavity and incorporated into the right atrium. Differentiation of DES positive conductive cardiomyocyte was initiated in the right wall of atrio-ventricular canal of C10 embryonic heart and with the development, extended towards the myocardium of the interventricular sulcus to form His bundle, left and right bundle branches as well as the ventricular trabecular myocardium. In the atium, the strong expression of DES was first detected in the dorsal wall of C11 atrium. At C13, unique myocardial band showing α-SCA, α-SMA and DES expression in the left dorsal wall of the sinus venosus were found to be continuous with the basal wall of left atium and the dorsal wall of the atrio-ventricular canal, this band might be related to the development of conduction system from sinoatrial node to atrio-ventricular canal. During C14 to C16, primary conduction pathway of atria with strong DES expression was formed that extended from sinoatrial node along venous valves, DES positive myocardium in the dorsal and ventral walls of the atria to the right atrio-ventricular canal, respectively. Conclusions The mesenchyme of the primitive transverse septum is the heart forming field of human embryos responsible for formation of sinus venosus myocardium, cardiomyocytes are differentiated from mesenchymal cells in the primitive transverse septum and progressively added to the venous pole of the heart tube to form myocardial sinus venosus. The differentiation of CCS of the early human embryo initiates in the atrio-ventricular canal and develops gradually towards the arterial and venous poles of the heart tube. By C16, DES positive embryonic CCS can be clearly recognized morphologically.

objective To study the TCR gene mutation in peripheral blood lymphocytes induced by X-ray exposure using cultured lymphocytes cloning method.Methods Freshly isolated peripheral lymphocytes from healthy aduh donors were irradiated with X-ray in doses ranging from 0 to 8 Gy and cultured with interleukin2 and phytohemagglutinin for 7 days.The mutant frequencies of TCR gene(TCR MF)were detected by flow cytonletry and the dose response curves were fitted.Results TCR MF increased with the dose going up.An aquadratic polynomial dose response model was fitted.Conclusions TCR gene mutation could which serve as a potential biological dosimeter.It might be applied for the estimation of biological dose in emergency exposure.

Objective To investigate the expression and distribution of Diacylglycerol Kinase α (DGKα) mRNA in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC),and to explore the function of DGKα in the metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma.Methods Tissues from 30 cases of HCC and 5 normal liver tissues were collected immediately after surgical resection.Semi-quantitative RT-PCR and in situ hybridization were used to detect the expression levels and distribution of DGKα mRNA,respectively.Results Semi-quantitative RT-PCR showed that the expression level of DGKα mRNA in HCC (0.798±0.317) and normal tissues (0.908±0.425) was significantly higher than those in carcinoma adjacent tissue with cirrhosis (0.205±0.102,P<0.05).In situ hybridization demonstrated that the number of DGKα mRNA positive hepatocytes in HCC [(57.6±6.3)/mm2] and normal tissues [69.8±8.7)/mm2] was significantly higher than those in carcinoma adjacent tissue with cirrhosis [(26.3±4.9)/mm2,P<0.05]; DGKα mRNA was expressed in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes in HCC and carcinoma adjacent tissue with cirrhosis,and in the nuclear of hepatocytes in normal tissues.Conclusion The present study suggests that DGKa may play important roles in carcinogenesis and progressing of HCC.

Objective To investigate the spatiotemporal expression patterns and the relationship of α-sarcomeric actin(α-SCA) ,α-smooth muscle actin(α-SMA) and intermediate filament protein desmin with the maturation of the prenatal and the neonatal mouse hearts. Methods Serial sections of the embryo mouse and the neonatal mouse hearts were immunostained with antibodies against α-SCA, α-SMA and desmin. Results Ventricle and outflow tract of embryonic day(ED) 9 heart showed stronger expression of α-SCA and α-SMA, but desmin expression was lower. In the atrium, the expressions of α-SCA and α-SMA were restricted to the dorsal and ventral walls. In the sinus venosus, only a few weakly stained α-SCA positive cells were detected. No desmin expression was found in the atrium and sinus venosus. The expressions of α-SCA, α-SMA and desmin were increased to their highest level at ED 12. The higher expression of α-SCA remained to the postnatal stages. After ED 12, the expressions of α-SMA and desmin gradually decreased in different parts of the heart, but their expressions in the right ventricle persisted longer. After birth,desmin expression was mainly concentrated in the Z lines of I bands and intercalated disks. Conclusion The presence of spatiotemporal differences in the expression of α-SMA and desmin reveals regional differences in cardiomyocyte maturation in various parts of the embryonic mouse heart. The right ventricle shows a relatively slow pace of maturation. The α-SMA may contribute to a peristaltoid contraction pattern of the embryonic myocardium with a slow shortening speed, and a relatively higher level of desmin is required for the maturation of the sarcomere.

Objective To investigate the origin of α-SMA positive cells in the outflow tract ridge of the embyonic mouse heart and to explore the ultrastructure change of the mesenchymal cells during the ridges fusion. Methods Sections of embryonic day 10(E10d) to E14d mouse embryonic hearts were stained by immunohistochemistry assay with monoclonal antibodies against α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), α-sarcomeric actin(α-SCA) and in situ hybridization method with PlexinA2 probe. The outflow tract ridges fusion was observed by transmission electron microscopy at E12.5d. Results From E10d to E11d, PlexinA2 positive cells were seen in the neural tube with mesenchymes around it, the aortic sac and aortic arch. These cells also migrated into the outflow tract ridge along the aortic sac wall and part of them expressed α-SMA. At E12d, PlexinA2 was expressed in the spinal ganglia, the pharyngeal mesenchyme, the aorto-pulmonary septum and the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk. The septum showed α-SMA strongly positive. But only a few of α-SMA positive cells were observed in the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk. At E12.5d, two clusters of condensed mesenchymal cells in the outflow tract ridges formed and began to express PlexinA2 weakly and α-SMA strongly. When the ridges began to fuse, the endothelial cells formed a cellular seam, which rapidly broke into pieces and disappeared and were replaced by the sparsed mesenchymal cells containing a few of microfilaments. Two clusters of condensed mesenchymal cells gradully moved to merge. It was noted that some mesenchymal cells contained plenty of microfilament bundles, mitochondria and focal contacts between them. Some mesenchymal cells only had a few of microfilaments and plasma membrane fusion was seen between them. Conclusionα-SMA positive cells in the outflow tract cushion may be derived from cardiac neural crest. The endothelial cells might participate in the fusion of the outflow tract ridges by endothelial-mesenchymal transformation. Mesenchymal cells of the condensed cell mass contain plenty of microfilament bundles and focal contacts or membrane fusion, which contribute to the ridges fusion.