Objective To investigate the changes and clinical significance of platelet parameters and the hemorheological parameters in patients with diabetic kidney disease(DKD). Methods One hundred and eight patients with diabetics were divided into simplicity diabetes mellitus ( SDM ) group with 41 cases, early diabetic nephropathy( EDN) group with 36 cases and clinical diabetic nephropathy( CDN) group with 31 cases according to 24 hours urine albumin excretion rate( UAER) ,and 26 healthy persons were included into this study as control group. The platelet parameters(including mean platelet volume(MPV),platelet volume distribution width(PDW),platelet volume(PCT),and PLT) and hemorrheology were measured in all groups. Results Levels of MPV,PDW,PCT and PLT in diabetics group were (9.80±1.14) fl,(18.00±0.99) fl,(0.21 ±0. 05)% and (186±47)×109/L respectively,in control group were(7. 70±1. 11) fl,(13. 90±1. 02) fl,(0. 16 ±0.05)% and (234±51)×109/L respectively,the differences were significant(P=0.043,0.039,0.040, 0. 035). Levels of MPV,PDW,PCT and PLT in SDM group were (8. 40±1. 07) fl,(16. 40±0. 79) fl,(0. 19 ±0. 04)% and (195±49)×109/L respectively,in EDN group were (10. 20±1. 23) fl,(18. 30±1. 02) fl,(0. 20 ±0. 06) % and (188±52)×109/L respectively,in CDN group were (11. 40±1. 14) fl,(19. 60±1. 21) fl,(0. 25 ±0. 05)% and (172±40)×109/L respectively,the differences were significant between the groups( P=0. 032,
0. 039,0. 041,0. 008). The levels of erythrocyte aggregation index,capillary plasma viscosity,low/medium/high shear viscosity of whole blood, low/medium/high shear reduced viscosity of whole blood and erythrocyte deformation index in diabetics group were 1. 86±0. 13,1. 40±0. 14,(13. 83±1. 62) mPa·s,(7. 79±0. 84) mPa·s,(6. 46±0. 77) mPa·s,7. 54±1. 03,4. 73±0. 74,4. 16±0. 69 and 0. 55±0. 03 respectively,in control group were 1. 38±0. 05,1. 21±0. 08,(9. 35±1. 22) mPa·s,(5. 88±0. 87) mPa·s,(5. 02±0. 86) mPa·s, 4. 00 ±0. 75,3. 12±0. 65,2. 76±0. 56 and 0. 68±0. 06 respectively,the differences were significant between the two groups( P=0. 034,0. 020,0. 018,0. 044,0. 016,0. 014) . Furthermore,the results of erythrocyte aggregation index, capillary plasma viscosity, low /medium/high shear viscosity of whole blood, low/medium/high shear reduced viscosity of whole blood and erythrocyte deformation index were significantly different in sub group of diabetes( P=0. 004,0. 002,0. 001,0. 004,0. 003,0. 041,0. 025,0. 009,0. 042) . Conclusion It is important to measure the platelet parameters and hemorrheology in diabetes kidney disease patients. The platelet parameters and hemorrheology may be the early indicators to diagnosis the diabetic nephropathy.

Objective To study the association of carotid atherosclerosis with high-sensitivity creative protein(hs-CRP),lipoprotein-a(Lp-a) and superoxide dismutase(SOD) in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF).Methods Seventy-one CRF patients were divided into Group A of 45 patients under maintenance hemodialysis and Group B of 26 patients without hemodialysis,and 20 healthy donor was Group C in this study.And 71 CRF patients were divided into carotid atherosclerosis group (43 cases) and non carotid atherpsclerosis group(28 cases) according to whether the carotid atherosclerosis plaque was detected out.Fortythree CRF patients presented carotid atherosclerosis including 17 patients with soft plaque,10 patients with hard plaque and the other 16 with mixed plaque.Color ultra-sound was used to measure the carotid intimal medial thickness(IMT) and define the type of plaque.Levels of hs-CRP,Lp (a) and SOD were detected and analyzed in this study.Results (1) Levels of hs-CRP,Lp-a,SOD and IMT were significantly different in group A ((7.39±2.25) ag/L,(428.43±102.25) mmol/L,(71.35±21.52) KU/L and (1.23±0.31) mm,respectively),group B((7.41±1.67) mg/L,(432.12±96.43) mmol/L,(68.14±15.25) KU/L and (1.18±0.26) mm,respectively),and group C ((2.11 ± 0.86) mg/L,(193.32 ± 62.31) mmol/L,(94.23 ± 21.13)KU/L and (0.61 ±0.22) mm,respectively),the differences were significant (F =2.998,2.783,2.032,2.802;P＜0.05).Plaque incidence was increased in group A(68.9％) and group B(69.2％) compared with group C (12.5％) with statistical significance (x2=17.863,17.989;P＜0.001).(2) Furthermore,for CRF patients,hsCRP and Lp-a were positively related to IMT in group A (r =O.436,0.279;P＜0.05) and group B (r =0.652,0322;P ＜ 0.05),SOD presenting negative relationship with IMT (r =-0.283,P ＜ 0.01 for group A,and r =-0.164,P＜0.05 for group B).(3) Level of hs-CRP and Lp-a in carotid atherosclerosis group were higher than those in non carotid atherosclerosis group((7.58±2.47) mg/L vs.(3.41±1.26) mg/L,(437.31±115.38) mmol/L vs.(256.24± 101.22) mmol/L),the differences were significant (t =2.917,2.583;P ＜0.05).Level of SOD in carotid atherosclerosis group was lower than that in non carotid atherosclerosis group ((68.43±13.36) KU/L vs.(76.22±17.12) KU/L),the difference was signifiant(t=2.156,P＜0.05).(4)Level of hs-CRP and SOD in patients with soft plaque and mixed plaque were statistically different from those in patients with hard plaque(F=4.210,2.056;P＜0.05).Conclusion The micro-inflammatory status,oxidative stress and disturbance of Lp-a metabolism are extensively existed in CRF patients and closely connect to each other.Therefore,they might correlate with the formation of plaques in carotidartery.

Objective To investigate the mechanism of a dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor, saxagliptin, pro?moting the regeneration of islet beta cells in diabetic rats. Methods The male SD rats were randomly divided into three groups including control group (NC, n=10), diabetes group (DM, n=10) and diabetes treated with saxagliptin group (DM-S, n=10). DM-S group was treated with saxagliptin 1 mg/(kg·d) for twelve weeks. The pancreaticβcell function was analysed by hyperglycemic clamps. Immunohistochemistry with anti-PCNA was performed to observe the proliferation rate of pancreaticβcells. Immunofluorescence double staining with anti-insulin, anti-glucagon, anti-DPP-4 and anti-SDF-1 were performed to observe the expression of insulin, glucagon, DPP-4 and SDF-1 in pancreatic tissue. Western blot assay was performed to test the expression of Akt, p-Akt,β-catenin and free-β-catenin protein, and RT-PCR was performed to test the expressionlevels of c-myc and cyclinD1 mRNA in pancreatic tissue. Results Compared with NC group, there were significantly in?creased blood glucose, decreased islet function andβcell mass in DM group. Compared with DM rats, saxagliptin treatment significantly inhibited the expression of DPP-4, decreased the degradation of SDF-1, stimulated the proliferation ofβcells, and ultimately improved the islet function and histopathological changes of pancreas. Conclusion DPP-4 inhibitor saxa?gliptin can significantly improve islet function, which involved in the inhibition of the expression of DPP-4, the decreased degradation of SDF-1 and the stimulation of the proliferation ofβcells.

Objective Published literatures on the relationship between IL-13 gene polymorphism and the susceptibility of children to bronchial asthma in China were comprehensively analyzed with the use of Meta-analysis to evaluate this relationship.Methods The data were collected from the Medline database,Ovid database,the Cochrane library,and Chinese Biomedical database,and the references of eligible studies were manually screened.Published data related to case-control studies reporting the link between IL-13 polymorphisms and asthma in Chinese children were retrieved through those database.Meta-analysis was conducted to determine whether the IL-13 gene polymorphisms were associated with asthma.Results Eighteen studies were finally accepted for analysis.There were three studies focusing on C-1 112T polymorphism,and six studies focusing on C + 1923T polymorphism,and fourteen studies focusing on G + 2044A polymorphism.There was no evidence to confirm that the genotypes in position IL-13-1112 C/T were associated with asthma in Chinese children [odds ratio(OR) =1.00,95％ CI 0.82-1.22,P =0.98].The OR of asthma for TT/CC genotypes was 1.15 (95 ％ CI 0.57-2.33,P =0.69) and for CT/CC was 1.01 (95 ％ CI 0.82-1.25,P =0.89).There was significant evidence to confirm that the genotypes in position + 1923 C/T were associated with asthma in Chinese children(OR =1.86,95％ CI 1.29-2.67,P =0.000 9).The OR of asthma for TT/CC genotypes was 2.12 (95 ％ CI 1.27-3.56,P =0.004) and for TC/CC was 1.67 (95％ CI 1.18-2.35,P =0.003).There was no correlation between IL-13 + 2044G/A polymorphism and the susceptibility (OR =1.33,95％ CI 0.94-1.88,P =0.11).The OR of asthma for AA/GG genotypes was 1.30 (95 ％ CI 0.76-2.20,P =0.34) and for AG/GG was 1.24(95％ CI 0.90-1.70,P =0.19).Conclusions IL-13 gene + 1923 TT and TC genotypes should be associated with susceptibility of asthma in Chinese children,and the T allele could increase the risk of asthma.No clear relationship was found between the genotype TT/TC at the IL-13-1112 site and the incidence of asthma of children in China,and so was the genotype AA/AG at the IL-13 +2044 site and the incidence.

Objective To study the clinical significances of serum lipoprotein (LP),high sensitivity C- reactive protein (hs CRP),cystatin (Cys-C),apolipoprotein (Apo) in type 2 diabetic mellitus (T2DM) patients with early renal impairment.Methods Totally 96 patients were divided into two groups:50 cases in simple diabetic group (DM) aged 60-73 years,46 cases in diabetic nephropathy group (DN) aged 61-72 years,and 50 healthy persons as normal control group aged 61-68 years.Serum levels of LP(a),hs-CRP,Cys-C,ApoA1 and ApoB were detected.Results Serum levels of LP (a) [(214.8±182.3) mg/L vs.(113.1±76.2) mg/L],Cys-C[(0.95±0.16)mg/L vs.(0.46±0.17) mg/L],hs-CRP (2.57± 1.84) mg/L vs.(1.07±0.38)mg/L] and ApoB [(1.12±0.18) g/L vs.(0.81 ±0.15) g/L ]were higher in T2DM patients than in normal control group(all P＜0.01),while ApoA1 level was lower than in control[(1.02±0.17)g/L vs.(1.27±0.14)g/L,P＜ 0.01].The levels of LP (a) (455.6 ± 263.5 ) mg/L,Cys-C (2.14 ± 0.68 ) mg/L,hs-CRP (7.24±4.55)mg/L and ApoB(1.22±0.17)g/L in DN group were increased compared with DM group (all P＜0.01).Serum levels of ApoA1 were decreased in DN group compared with DM group [(0.88±0.17) g/L vs.(1.02±0.17) g/L,P＜0.01].The serum levels of LP (a) (r=0.487,P＜0.05),Cys-C(r=0.55,P＜0.05),hs-CRP(r=0.478,P＜0.01) and ApoB(r=0.505,P＜0.05) were positively correlated with urinary mAlb in T2DM patients,while ApoA1 was negtively related with mAIb(r=-0.52,P＜0.05).Conclusions The serum LP (a),Cys C,Apo and hsCRP could be sensitive markers of early renal impairment,and their combinatorial measurement offers more value in patients with T2DM.

Objective To study the influence of hemodiafiltration on high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP),serum parathyroid hormone (iPTH) and cardiac function in uremic patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis (MHD).Methods Forty patients with uremia were divided into hemodiafiltration (HDF) group (n =20) and hemodialysis(HD) group(n =20) by random numbers.Serum hs-CRP and iPTH were measured before treatment and at 6 months after treatment.Their left ventricular diastolic diameter (LVEDD),left ventricular end-systolic dimension (LVESD),interventricular septal thickness (IVST) and left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF) were measured by echocardiogram.Ten healthy volunteers were recruited as the normal controls.Results After treatment,serum hs-CRP and iPTH decreased significantly in the HDF group (hs-CRP:(3.32±1.t4) mg/L vs.(7.84 ±2.21) mg/L,t =2.072,P =0.046;iPTH:(155.36 ±81.33) ng/L vs.(190.25 ±82.31) ng/L,t =2.121,P =0.023).No significant difference of serum hs-CRP and iPTH was observed in the HD group before and after treatment (hs-CRP:(7.91 ±2.11) mg/L vs.(7.68 ± 1.86) mg/L,t =1.731,P =0.111 ; iPTH:(177.43 ± 85.43) ng/L vs.(184.35 ± 87.21) ng/L,t =1.331,P =0.210).Color Doppler indices of cardiac structure of the HDF group significantly improved after treatment compared with before treatment (LVEDd:(55.3 ±3.7) mm vs.(58.8 ±4.3) mm,t =2.345,P =0.015 ;LVESd:(33.5 ±2.6) mm vs.(36.4±4.3) mm,t=2.178,P=0.046;IVST:(10.2±1.7) mmvs.(13.1 ±1.8) mm,t=2.630,P=0.012;LVEF:(55.3 ±2.6)％ vs.(42.5 ±3.3)％,t =2.860,P =0.010;LVMI:(132.5 ±9.1)g/m2 vs.(137.4 ± 8.7) g/m2,t =2.871,P =0.009).After treatment,cardiac structure of the HDF group was significantly better than that of the HD group (LVEDd:(55.3 ± 3.7) mm vs.(59.1 ± 4.2) mm,LVESd:(33.5 ±2.6) mm vs.(36.1 ±3.4) mm,IVST:(10.2±1.7) vs.(12.4 ±1.3) mm,LVEF:(55.3 ±2.6)％vs.(43.4±2.7)％,LVMI:(132.5 ±9.1) g/m2 vs.(139.4 ±8.9) g/m2;P ＜0.05).During the six month treatment,the incidence rate of cardiovascular events of the HDF group was significantly less than the HD group (36.39％(524/1440) vs.(72.08(1038/1440),x2 =21.583,P＜0.01).Conclusion HDF may efficiently remove iPTH,improve cardiac function of uremic patients,and help them recover from micro-inflammatory state.

Capillary Electrochromatography ; Chromatography, Gas ; methods ; Hexanones ; urine ; Humans ; Occupational Exposure

Cochlea ; metabolism ; Deafness ; genetics ; Humans ; Mutation

Objective:To observe the effect of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) at different intensities on the expression of adiponectin and its receptors in C2C12 myoblasts, and to explore the potential mechanism by which LIPUS promotes the differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts.Methods:C2C12 myoblasts cultured in vitro were randomly divided into a control group and U 0.1, U 0.3 and U 0.5 groups. The control group received sham LIPUS exposure, while the U 0.1, U 0.3 and U 0.5 groups were exposed to LIPUS at intensities of 0.1W/cm 2, 0.3W/cm 2 or 0.5W/cm 2 respectively, and 1MHz for 5 min daily for 5 days. Cell viability was measured using CCK-8 assays. Fluorescence quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactions were used to detect the mRNA expression of adiponectin, adiponectin receptor 1 (adipoR1) and T-cadherin in the cells. Western blotting was employed to assess the protein expression of adiponectin, adipoR1, T-cadherin, adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK), activated phosphorylated adenylate-activated protein kinase (P-AMPK), embryonic myosin heavy chain (eMHC) and myogenin (MYOG). The differentiation ability of the 4 groups was measured using cell immunofluorescence chemistry. Results:After the intervention the cell viability in the U 0.1, U 0.3 and U 0.5 groups was significantly higher than in the control group. Compared with the control group, the average mRNA expression of adiponectin and the receptors of adipoR1 and T-cadherin were up-regulated significantly in the U 0.3 and U 0.5 groups. The average adiponectin, adipoR1 and T-cadherin protein expressions, and the AMPK phosphorylation level in the U 0.3 and U 0.5 groups had increased significantly compared with the control group, but all were significantly lower than in the U 0.3 group. The average protein expression of eMHC and MYOG, and the C2C12 myoblast fusion indices of the U 0.3 and U 0.5 groups were significantly higher the control group′s averages. Conclusions:LIPUS can promote the differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts. It is most effective at 0.3W/cm 2, administered for 5min/d at 1MHz with a 20% duty cycle. Its regulatory mechanism may be related to up-regulation of the expression of adiponectin, the adipoR1 and T-cadherin receptors, and the activation of AMPK phosphorylation in C2C12 myoblasts.

Objective To investigate the possible mechanisms of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1Ra) induced weight loss. Methods High fat diet induced obese c57BL/6 mice were divided into normal control group (N, n=8), high fat feeding group (HF, n=32) and GLP-1Ra group treated with GLP-1Ra (liraglutide 200μg/(kg·d) or 400μg/(kg·d) for 8 weeks). Changes of body weight, blood glucose and three acyl glycosides (TG) levels were observed in three groups. HE staining was used to observe the morphological changes. Immunofluorescence staining and real-time PCR were used to mea?sure the expression of UCP-1. Furthermore, the expression of PGC-1αin protein level was observed to explore the possible mechanism of GLP-1Ra induced browning in white fat (WAT). Results After 8-week liraglutide (Lira) administration, the body weights were significantly reduced in obese mice (P<0.05). The levels of blood glucose and TG were significantly high?er in HF group than those in N group, which reduced significantly in Lira (200μg·kg-1) and Lira (400μg·kg-1) administra?tion groups (P<0.05). HE staining showed adipocytes in perirenal and inguinal subcutaneous adipose tissue partly acquired brown-like morphological characteristics. The expression levels of UCP-1 protein and mRNA and PGC-1αprotein were ele?vated in adipse tissues, which increased more in Lira (400) than those in Lira (200, P<0.05). Conclusion GLP-1Ra can induce weight loss through white fat browning by activation of UCP-1.