OBJECTIVE:To discuss the approach of drug pricing by applying the pharmacoeconomics evaluation.METHODS:Theory deductions together with demonstration analysis were performed based on the theory of pharmacoeco-nomics.RESULTS:In drug pricing for new drugs,the pharmacoeconomic evaluation should be conducted with suitable ref-erence drugs and suitable reference prices as references,meanwhile based on the results,the reported costs-based price should be reevaluated and adjusted accordingly.CONCLUSION:The rationality of drug pricing can be effectively improved through pharmacoeconomics evaluation.

OBJECTIVE: The research is aimed at investigating the developing rule and the relationship between syndrome differentiation in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and clinical factors of gastric cancer, so that it can be helpful to the clinical work and indicating the prognosis. METHODS: We collected the medical records and the information of four diagnostic methods of 325 cases of gastric cancer sufferers in the way of clinical epidemiological survey, and divided them into 6 syndromes including dysfunction of spleen, disharmony of liver and stomach, blood stagnation in stomach, yin deficiency of stomach, phlegm dampness stagnation and deficiency of both qi and blood. Then we used univariate analysis of variance, rank sum test and chi square test to analyse the relationship between syndrome differentiation and clinical-related factors such as age, gender, Karnofsky score and clinical stage, etc. RESULTS: The syndrome of dysfunction of spleen plays the primary role in the disease. Disharmony of liver and stomach always happens in early stage of stomach cancer, usually more often in radical operation cases and less in metastasis ones. It also has a high proportion in female. Phlegm dampness stagnation and blood stagnation in stomach usually can be seen in middle or advanced stage of the disease, which have lower Karnofsky score. Deficiency of both qi and blood is the syndrome of stomach cancer in advanced stage, which results in lower living quality, and with high rate of relapse and metastasis. Syndrome of yin deficiency of stomach has lower proportion in stomach cancer cases, and the clinical-related factors have low influence on it. CONCLUSION: Syndrome in TCM of gastric cancer is relevant to some clinical factors and varies in progress.

OBJECTIVE: The research is aimed at investigating the developing rule and the relationship between syndrome differentiation in traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and clinical factors of gastric cancer so as to guide clinical work and indicate prognosis. METHODS: We collected the medical records and the information of four diagnostic methods of 325 cases of gastric cancer sufferers in the way of clinical epidemiological survey, and divided them into 6 syndromes including dysfunction of spleen, disharmony of liver and stomach, blood stagnation in stomach, yin deficiency of stomach, phlegm dampness stagnation and deficiency of both qi and blood. Then we used logistic regression analysis to analyze the relationship between syndrome differentiation and clinical-related factors such as age, gender, Karnofsky score and clinical stage, etc. RESULTS: The syndrome spleen dysfunction is a dominant one among the syndromes of stomach cancer. Disharmony of liver and stomach always happens in early stage of stomach cancer and is frequently seen in women. Patients with syndrome of phlegm dampness stagnation or deficiency of both qi and blood have lower Karnofsky score and poorer living quality. Syndromes of blood stagnation in stomach and yin deficiency of stomach show no relationship with the clinical factors in this research. CONCLUSION: Syndrome differentiation in TCM of gastric cancer is related to some clinical factors to a certain extent.

Axilla ; Breast Neoplasms ; pathology ; surgery ; Cytodiagnosis ; methods ; Female ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Lymph Node Excision ; Lymph Nodes ; pathology ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy ; methods

Objective To investigate the composition and diversity of acaroid mites community in stored food in Maanshan area. Methods The samples of 30 kinds of stored food were collected from the supermarket warehouse and storehouse in July, 2006. The acaroid mites were isolated by Waterflotation and Tullgren, identified and counted under the microscope, the composition and diversity of acaroid mites community were analyzed. Results 15 species of acaroid mites which belong to 7 families and 12 genera were found. The average breeding density of acaroid mites was 3.56/g and the species richness index was 1.63, the diversity index was 2.28, the evenness index was 0.84. Conclusion The composition of acaroid mites community in stored food takes on diversification and the polluted situation is serious, vacuum packaging is an effective methods to decrease mites breeding.

Objective To study the effect of blood transfusion on earthquake injuries with crush syndrome in WenChuan earthquake.Methods The amount of red blood cell suspension given to the earthquake victims were studied. The transfusion effect, Hb concentrations, and capillary hemorrhage of tissues of the injuries were also observed.Results Two victims, who underwent amputation surgery and cerebral hemorrhage operation, received a relatively small amount of transfusion, and showed a good transfusion effect and prognosis. While the other 6 victims, who underwent amputation surgery, surgical debridement, or continuous renal replacement therapy, received a large amount of blood, and showed a bad transfusion effect and prognosis.Conclusion The amount of blood transfusion in patients with crush syndrome was correlated negatively with the outcome.

Objective To study the X-ray findings and clinical factors of the neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC)and to im-prove the detection rate of neonatal NEC-especially early lesions.Methods To retrospectively analyzed the plain abdominal radio-graphy images and clinical data of the 21 cases with confirmed neonatal NEC by clinical and surgical diagnosis.Results The X-ray findings of neonatal NEC:stageⅠ:10 cases showed the changes in intestinal motility and the interval thickness between the intestine≤2 mm;stageⅡ:① 4 cases showed the interval thickness between the intestine > 2 mm;② 4 cases showed the pneumatosis of the intestinal wall;③ the pneumatosis of the portal vein were three cases;stage Ⅲ:① 3 cases showed seroperitoneum;② pneumoper-itoneum were three cases.18 cases (85%)were the premature infan;1 6 of 21 cases NEC were the low birth weight;neonatal re-spiratory distress syndrome,infection,pneumonia,sepsis,and mechanical ventilation therapy are important risk factors of NEC. Conclusion X-ray findings has characteristic signs in the neonatal NEC.At the early of NEC,it is very important to make the correct diagnosis need combine X-ray performance with the clinical manifestations and risk factors for,with the necessary dynamic follow-up review in the clinical treatment and prognosis.

Objective To evaluate the clinical value of 12-lead Holter monitoring for coronary heart disease (CHD) patients with inferior myocardial ischemia. Methods Ninety-six patients with CHD had accepted coronary angiography (CAG) and 12-lead Holter examination. Results The sensitivity for detecting inferior myocardial ischemia in 12-lead Holter monitoring was 64.91%, the specificity 53.85%, and the positive detecting value 67.20%. In 12-lead Holter monitoring, inferior myocardial ischemia was recorded in 20% of only RCA lesion group, and in 70.37% of double -vessel lesion group, and in 80% of three-vessel lesion group.Conclusion 12-lead Holter monitoring is of some value to evaluate the inferior myocardial ischemia in CHD patients, but other clinical data should be considered.

BACKGROUND: Thermosensitive hydrogel materials present stability at human body temperature, which is necessary for its application as a medical implant, thus the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of thermosensitive hydrogel should be beyond the human body temperature by adjustment.OBJECTIVE: To prepare a thermosensitive hydrogel poly-N-isopropylacrylamide-co-N-hydroxymethylacrylamide P(NIPAAm-co-NHMPA) with over 37 ℃ LCST, and primarily appraise its safety as a medical implant in vivo.DESIGN: Random, non-blind, group control, animal experimental study.SETTING: Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology(HUST).MATERIALS: The experiments were carried out in the Central Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, HUST and the Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Wuhan University between January and October in 2007. NIPAAm monomer and NHMPA monomer were purchased from Aldrich Company, crosslinking agent N, N'-methylene bisacrylamide from Fluka Company, and initiator ammonium persulfate and accelerating agent tetramethyl ethylene diamine from Sigma Company.METHODS: ①Taking ammonium persulfate and tetramethyl ethylene diamine as oxidation-reduction initiation system, while N, N'-methylene bisacrylamide as cross-linking agent, P-NIPAAm-co-NHMPA was prepared with the addition of NHMPA in the reaction system. LCST was determined by shrinking tests.②A series of biocompatibility tests such as sensitization test, acute systemic toxicity test, genetic toxicity test and implantation test were conducted in several experimental animals to evaluate the safety of the implant. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The erythema and edema of stimulated lesions were recorded in sensitization test; the general state of each animal in acute systemic toxicity test were recorded 4, 24, 48 and 72 hours after injection; in genetic toxicity test, mouse bone marrow polychromatic erythrocyte (PEC) micronucleus was counted six hours after injection under microscope; sections after implantation were observed under light microscope.RESULTS: ①Synthesized hydrogel showed thermosensitive character and the LCST was 38 ℃.②In sensitization test, there was no erythema and edema occurred after leaching liquor and saline were injected; acute systemic toxicity test result revealed no symptom of toxicity; the genetic toxicity test suggested no difference of PEC frequency between experimental group and negative control group; in vivo implantation test, the inflammation around the material was mild and limited.CONCLUSION:P(NIPAAm-co-NHMPA) shows good biocompatibility and can be potentially used as an implant material.

Objective To explore the surgical methods for unstable fractures of distal radius and evaluate the clinical results. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on 87 patients with unstable fractures of distal radius treated surgically from May 2001 to June 2008. According to AO classification and comminution severity, three methods including plate fixation, external fixation and Kirschner' s pins and plate fixation plus external fixation were employed accordingly. Results Of all, 78 patients were followed up for average 18 months. The result of Cooney's assessment of the wrist was excellent in 44 patients, good in 21, fair in 11 and poor in 2, with excellence rate of 83%. Conclusions The surgical methods should be selected based on different types of unstable distal radius fractures. In the meantime, maximal recovery of the relative length of the radius and ulna, formation of articular surface, volar tilting angle and ulnar inclination angle and reasonable rehabilitation exercises are helpful for the functional recovery of the wrist to a largest extent.