China ; Diabetes Mellitus ; diagnosis ; metabolism ; Glycated Hemoglobin A ; metabolism ; Humans

Objective To explore the effects of group sand play on the behavior of cerebral palsy (CP)children with behavioral problems.Methods Ninety children with CP aged 3-5 with behavioral problems were selected,after those with mental retardation had been excluded through the Peabody picture vocabulary test (PPVT).Their behavioral problems were diagnosed using Achenhach's child behavior check list (CRCL).The children were randomly divided into an experimental group and a control group with 45 cases in each.The experimental group received 10 weeks of sand play treatment in addition to routine rehabilitation.The controls received only routine rehabilitation.Results After treatment,the social withdrawal,depression,aggression and disruptive behavior scores of the 3-year olds in the experimental group were significantly lower than before treatment and significantly lower than those of the controls.For the 4 and 5 year-old boys the results were similar in terms of soclal withdrawal,depression,immaturity,sexual behavior,aggression and delinquent behavior,For the 4 and 5 year-old girls the scores for depression,somatic complaints,social withdrawal,compulsion,aggression,and hyperauctivity showed similar significant improvements.Conclusion Group sand play can improve the behavior and promote the mental health of CP children.

Type 2 diabetes is the main type of diabetes in diabetic population. Along with the rapid changes of life style and increased life expectancy, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes increases rapidly worldwide. However, strong evidences have shown that genetic factors play important roles in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, except for some rare subtypes of type 2 diabetes. The genetic patterns of the common forms of type 2 diabetes do not follow the role of classic Mendelian inheritance. Therefore, the type 2 diabetes is regarded as a complex disease caused by interaction between gene and environment. However, little progress has been made during past two decades in the genetic epidemiology of type 2 diabetes. This article reviews the current status of genetic epidemiology of type 2 diabetes and proposes strategies for future researches.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; genetics ; Environment ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Genetic Research ; Humans ; Insulin Resistance ; genetics

The nature history of type 2 diabetes is characterized by the interaction between beta-cells function and insulin sensitivity. Normal glucose tolerance could be maintained when there is a balance between insulin sensitivity and beta-cells function. For most of type 2 diabetic patients, both defects in insulin secretion as well as insulin action are needed for the development of diabetes. In addition, there is abundant evidence indicating the importance of genetic factors in the development of type 2 diabetes, including data from the twin studies, family studies, studies among different ethnic groups living in the same environment and admixture studies. In the last two decades, that genetic defects affecting both beta-cells function and insulin sensitivity has been identified. But those defects can only explain a very small portion of etiology of type 2 diabetes, and the gene defects contributing to the cause of most type 2 diabetes are still at large. We have learned, from the past experience that type 2 diabetes is a very heterogeneous and complex disease. The complexity of type 2 diabetes is related to factors such as genetic heterogeneity, interactions between genes, and the modulating role played by the environment.
Animals ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; etiology ; genetics ; Humans ; Insulin Resistance ; Islets of Langerhans ; physiopathology

Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Blood Glucose ; drug effects ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; blood ; drug therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Hypoglycemic Agents ; therapeutic use ; Male ; Treatment Outcome

Objective To observe toxic effect of deoxynivalenol(DON)on articular cartilage and synovium of New Zealand rabbits's knee ioints.Methods Fifteen male rabbits were divided randomly into 3 groups:control, high-dosage,and low-dosage group.In high-dosage and low-dosage group,saline solution of DON was injected with a dose of 0.10 and 0.05 ms/kg every 48 h into ear vein of rabbits.Specimen of articular cartilage and synovium were through pathologY methods,and IL-1β,TNF-α,NO levels were assayed in joint liquid,after 20 days. Results Morphological changes were observed, such as synovium inflammative infiltration, chondrocytes deformation and necrosis under light microscope.The levels of IL-1β,TNF-α and NO had statistical significance in comDarison between 3 grouPs(F=19.396,18.195,22.136,P＜0.05).The levels of IL-1β,TNF-α and NO were significantly higher(all P＜0.05),high-dosage[(0.451±0.091),(0.575±0.122)μg/L;(70.27±11.53)μmol/L] and low-dosage group[(0.295±0.107),(0.387±0.131)μg/L;(45.32±12.24)μmol/L]compared with control ((0.1 13±0.049),(0.138±0.087)μg/L;(23.56±9.35)μmoL/L],and high-dosage compared with low-dosage group Conclusions DON results in articular and synovial impairment,which has the symptom similar to osteoarthritis. DON probably causes osteoarthritis.

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the association of Pro12Ala polymorphism of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) gene with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in Chinese Han population.

METHODSThe present investigation was carried out using the keywords "PPARgamma", "pparg", "Pro12Ala", "type 2 diabetes", and "Chinese. The odds ratios (OR) for Ala12 used as the metric of choice were calculated in the dominant and additive model separately. The Meta-analysis was conducted by software STATA 11.0.

RESULTS(1) We identified 22 studies, of which 17 studies involving 3927 type 2 diabetes cases and 3364 controls fell into the inclusion criteria. The analysis indicated no significant inter-study heterogeneity and publication bias. (2) The frequencies of the minor allele Ala12 in type 2 diabetes and control groups were 4.8% and 4.6% respectively. (3) The combined overall OR of dominant and additive model calculated by fix-effects meta-analysis for type 2 diabetes and the Pro12Ala polymorphism, were 0.95 (95% CI: 0.80, 1.12) and 0.93 (95% CI: 0.79, 1.09) respectively.

CONCLUSIONIn this meta-analysis, the Pro12Ala gene variant (rs1801282) is not found to be associated with the susceptibility for type 2 diabetes in Chinese Han population.

Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; genetics ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; genetics ; Gene Frequency ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Humans ; PPAR gamma ; genetics ; Polymorphism, Genetic

BACKGROUNDRecently, it has been suggested that the serum uric acid (SUA) level decreased in diabetic patients. The aim of this study was to explore the association between SUA level and different state of glucose metabolism and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) reflected by the simplified Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation and to test the hypothesis that high MDRD is one of the determinants of SUA level.

METHODSThis cross-sectional study included 2373 subjects in Beijing who underwent a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) for screening of diabetes. According to the states of glucose metabolism, they were divided into normal glucose tolerance, impaired glucose regulation and diabetes.

RESULTSMultiple stepwise linear regression analysis showed that adjusted by gender, SUA was positively correlated with body mass index (BMI), waist/hippo ratio, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and triglyceride, meanwhile negatively correlated with age, hemoglobin A1c, fasting insulin and MDRD. There was an increasing trend in SUA concentration and a decreasing trend in MDRD when the levels of fasting plasma glucose (FPG) increased from low to high up to the FPG level of 8.0 mmol/L; thereafter, the SUA concentration started to decrease with further increases in FPG levels, and the MDRD started to increase with further increases in FPG levels.

CONCLUSIONThis study confirmed the previous finding that SUA decreased in diabetes and provided the supporting evidence that the increased MDRD might contribute to the fall of SUA.

Adult ; Aged ; Blood Glucose ; metabolism ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Glomerular Filtration Rate ; physiology ; Humans ; Linear Models ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Uric Acid ; blood

BACKGROUNDRecently, some studies had shown that elevated serum uric acid (SUA) itself may increase the risk for development of renal disease in patients with diabetes. This study aimed to explore whether SUA was a predictor of microalbuminuria and impaired renal function in type 2 diabetes in Chinese patients.

METHODSThis cross-sectional study included 2108 type 2 diabetic patients. Kidney function was estimated using the simplified modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD) equation to obtain estimated glomerular filtration rate. The urine samples were obtained for measuring the albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR).

RESULTSAccording to the ACR level, these patients were divided into two groups, normal ACR (NA) and non-normal ACR (non-NA). Both SUA and creatinine were significantly higher in the non-NA group than those in the NA group ((318.89 ± 107.52) vs. (283.44 ± 88.64) µmol/L, and (95.08 ± 53.24) vs. (79.63 ± 18.20) µmol/L, respectively). Logistic regression analysis showed that diabetic duration, systolic blood pressure, creatinine and SUA were the independent predictors of albuminuria. Furthermore, to identify the factors associated with renal function, these patients were divided into two groups according to the MDRD level (MDRD < 90 or MDRD ≥ 90). Both SUA and creatinine were significantly higher in the lower MDRD group than those in the higher MDRD group ((301.90 ± 96.46) vs. (264.07 ± 84.74) µmol/L, and (89.10 ± 31.00) vs. (66.37 ± 11.15) µmol/L, respectively). Logistic regression analysis showed that only age and SUA were the independent predictors of MDRD.

CONCLUSIONHigh-normal SUA was associated with albuminuria and impaired glomerular filtration rate in Chinese type 2 diabetic patients.

Adult ; Aged ; Albuminuria ; blood ; physiopathology ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; blood ; complications ; physiopathology ; Female ; Glomerular Filtration Rate ; physiology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Uric Acid ; blood

BACKGROUNDAdvances in treatment have greatly reduced the risk of blindness from this disease, but because diabetes is so common, diabetic retinopathy remains an important problem. The purpose of this study is to investigate the risk factors of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in Chinese type 2 diabetic patients.

METHODSTotally 746 type 2 diabetic patients were selected for biochemical and clinical characteristics test and examined by the retina-camera for diabetic retinopathy and the average age was 55.9 years old.

RESULTSA total of 526 patients was classified as non-DR, 159 patients as non-proliferative-DR and 61 patients as proliferative-DR. Duration of diabetes [(66.09 +/- 72.51) months vs (143.71 +/- 93.27) months vs (174.30 +/- 81.91) months, P = 0.00], systolic blood pressure [(131.95 +/- 47.20) mmHg vs (138.71 +/- 21.36) mmHg vs (147.58 +/- 24.10) mmHg, P = 0.01], urine albumin [(32.79 +/- 122.29) mg/L vs (190.96 +/- 455.65) mg/L vs (362.00 +/- 552.51) mg/L, P = 0.00], glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) [(8.68 +/- 2.26)% vs (9.42 +/- 1.84)% vs (9.42 +/- 1.96)%, P = 0.04], C-reactive protein (CRP) [(3.19 +/- 7.37) mg/L vs (6.36 +/- 23.59) mg/L vs (3.02 +/- 4.34) mg/L, P = 0.03], high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) [(1.23 +/- 0.37) mmol/L vs (1.33 +/- 0.35) mmol/L vs (1.24 +/- 0.33) mmol/L, P = 0.01], uric acid (UA) [(288.51 +/- 90.85) mmol/L vs (300.29 +/- 101.98) mmol/L vs (337.57 +/- 115.09) mmol/L, P = 0.00], creatinine (CREA) [(84.22 +/- 16.31) micromol/L vs (89.35 +/- 27.45) micromol/L vs (103.28 +/- 48.64) micromol/L, P = 0.00], blood urine nitrogen (BUN) [(5.62 +/- 1.62) mmol/L vs (6.55 +/- 2.74) mmol/L vs (8.11 +/- 3.60) mmol/L, P = 0.00] were statistically different among the three groups. Logistic regression analysis showed that diabetic duration and urine albumin were two independent risk factors of DR (the OR values were 1.010 and 1.003 respectively).

CONCLUSIONSDiabetic duration and urine albumin are two independent risk factors of diabetic retinopathy in elderly type 2 diabetic patients.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Albuminuria ; complications ; Cholesterol, HDL ; blood ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; complications ; Diabetic Retinopathy ; etiology ; Female ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Risk Factors ; Time Factors