Objective To investigate whether Irisin improves islet β cells function in rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)by enhancing autophagy through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase(PI3K)/protein kinase B(AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR)pathway,so as to provide new ideas for clinical treatment of chronic metabolic diseases such as T2DM and metabolic syndrome.Methods Thirty SD male rats were randomly divided into normal group(NC group),T2DM group,and Irisin intervention group(T2DM + Irisin group). High-fat and high-sugar diet for 5 weeks plus low-dose(35 mg/kg)streptozotocin(STZ)induced T2DM rat model. After 8 weeks of intraperitoneal injection of Irisin,rats were tested for fasting blood glucose(FBG),fasting insulin(FINS),triglyceride(TG),total cholesterol(TC),low density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C),and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C). The intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test(IPGTT),intraperitoneal insulin tolerance test(IPITT)and hyperglycemic clamp test were performed to assess the islet function and insulin resistance level of rats in each group. The expression levels of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway proteins and autophagyrelated proteins in the pancreas were subsequently detected by Western blot. The expression levels of insulin,microtubuleassociated protein 1 light chain 3(MAP1LC3),p62,and lysosomal associated membrane protein-2(LAMP-2)in rat pancreas were detected by immunohistochemistry(IHC).Results There was an interaction between FBG and intervention time in rats(F = 11. 751,P = 0. 000),and the FBG gradually decreased in the T2DM + Irisin group with the prolongation of the intervention time. From the 4th week of intervention,the FBG in the T2DM + Irisin group decreased significantly compared with that in the T2DM group(F = 1 008. 870,P = 0. 000). Compared with NC group,the serum concentrations of TC,TG,and LDL-C concentrations in the T2DM group significantly increased(each P = 0. 000),while the HDL-C concentrations significantly decreased(P = 0. 000). After Irisin intervention,the above indexes were all improved(P = 0. 010,0. 000,0. 000 and 0. 000,respectively). Western blot results showed that compared with NC group,p62 protein expression and LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰincreased significantly(P = 0. 008 and 0. 048,respectively),and LAMP-2 protein expression decreased significantly(P = 0. 000)in T2DM group. LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰexpression level further increased after Irisin intervention(P =0. 000),but p62 protein level significantly decreased(P = 0. 047)and LAMP-2 protein expression increased significantly(P = 0. 000),and the IHC results were consistent with the Western blot results. The levels of p-PI3K/PI3K,p-AKT/AKT and p-mTOR/mTOR decreased significantly in the T2DM group compared with NC group(P = 0. 006,0. 031 and0. 000,respectively),and the above indicators further decreased after Irisin intervention(P = 0. 033,0. 013 and 0. 000,respectively).Conclusion Irisin can enhance autophagy through PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway to improve islet βcells function,providing a new idea for the treatment of T2DM.

Objective To introduce transforming growth factor ?(TGF ?) and the relationship between TGF ? and graft rejection. Methods Relevent articles in recent years were reviewed.Results The immunodepressive function of TGF ? could resist transplant organ rejection injury in early postoperative period ; meanwhile TGF ? also caused fibroblast migration and promoted matrix deposition by increasing collagen production and decreasing collagen breakdown via inhibition of collagenases,which resulted in transplant organ fibrosis and arteriosclerosis, gene polymorphisms of the TGF ? were associated with it. Moreover,ischemia reperfusion injury and immunodepressive drug also affected production of TGF ?.Conclusion TGF ? as a pleiotropic and multifunctional cytokine contributes to the development of acute and chronic rejection.

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common single gene hereditary kidney disease, which is characterized by formation and persistent growth of renal cysts, damaging the structure and function of the kidneys and finally leading to end stage renal disease. By now there has been no effective therapy in clinical practice. Triptolide, an active diterpene extracted from a traditional Chinese medicine Leigongteng, has anti-inflammation and anti-proliferation effect. Animal studies have shown that triptolide can inhibit cyst formation and protect the renal function, laying a foundation for future clinical use.

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease(ADPKD) is the most common single gene hereditary kidney disease, which is characterized by formation and persistent growth of renal cysts, damaging the structure and function of the kidneys and finally leading to end stage renal disease. By now there has been no effective therapy in clinical practice. Triptolide, an active diterpene extracted from a traditional Chinese medicine Leigongteng, has anti-inflammation and anti-proliferation effect. Animal studies have shown that triptolide can inhibit cyst formation and protect the renal function, laying a foundation for future clinical use.

Green tea is a drink made from the steamed and dried leaves of the Camellia sinensis plants.Green tea contains a number of bioactive chemicals,including polyphenols that exert anticancer and antioxidant properties.Many studied have shown that green tea polyphenols have neuroprotective effect in cerebral ischemia through the mechanisms of antioxidant,antiapoptosis,and reducing brain edema.

Phase Ⅱ metabolic enzymes play pivotal role in the biotransform and metabolism of exogenous substances, which might influence its ability of metabolism and detoxification to exogenous carcinogens.Polymorphism have been demonstrated in various phase Ⅱ metabolic enzymes and etiology studies showed that individuals exposed to the same environment could develop different susceptibility to tumorigenesis due to different metabolic enzyme polymorphism. Here, we summarized the effects of phase Ⅱ metabolic enzyme polymorphism on the risk of cancer.

Commercialization of the doctors sector and lawyers sector, and that of medical services, sharp rise of medical disputes and its impact on healthcare services have grown into major challenges for the healthcare system in the United States where litigation is the legal way out of medical disputes at large.Anglo-American law system depends heavily on precedence as the criteria and the majority of such disputes trials are held in state courts, there is also a complete system of laws and decrees on medical disputes on the federation level.In an effort to handle medical disputes that are rising sharply in a piling-up amount, American lawyers, social organizations of arbitration and medicine, and many state courts are seeking alternative dispute resolution as a better way out for medical dispute mediation and resolution.Given the gaps between China and USA in social systems, legal systems, ,economic development, cultural background, healthcare systems and heahhcare security systems, these experiences will prove their value of reference for medical disputes resolution in China.

Analysised the transmission routes of AIDS in hospital,preventive strategies and existing ethic problems.Putting forward the importance of respecting the proper right of AIDS patients and health care workers in the prevention of nosocomial-transmitted HIV.On the basis of scientific study,strengthening the propagating of the knowledge of AIDS in the whole society,respecting the right and statue of AIDS prevention and timely treatment among both patients and health care workers.Respecting their medical treatment right and secrets,detecting HIV of patients on the informed consent.Respecting health care workers' right,providing profession guide and preventive strategies for prevention and control of nosocomial-transmitted AIDS.

Objective To explore the clinical curative effect of ursodeoxycholic acid combined with reduced glutathione for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.Methods 128 patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in our hospital were selected, and they were randomly divided into control group and research group,64 cases in each group.The control group received ursodeoxycholic acid capsules, the research group received reduced glutathione tablet on the basis of ursodeoxycholic acid capsules,the two groups received treatment of two periods, each period had one and half months.The liver function and blood lipid were detected and compared between the two groups.Results The total clinical effective rate of the research group was 93.75%, which of the control group was 68.75% (x2=20.5,P=0.000),the difference was statistically significant.After treatment, liver function (ALT, AST, TBIL, GGT and ALP) and lipid levels (TG and CHO) of the two groups were improved significantly[the control group:before treatment (138.75±30.63) IU/L,(161.72±55.61) IU/L,(183.65±58.47) μmol/L,(213.65±40.35) IU/L,(82.38±23.15) IU/L,(2.85±0.77) μmol/L,(6.45±0.37) μmol/L, after treatment (66.38±26.31) IU/L,(65.39±22.15) IU/L,(92.38±36.15) μmol/L,(99.68±36.72) IU/L,(30.23±10.36) IU/L,(1.92±0.58) mol/L,(5.39±0.53) μmol/L;the research group before treatment (141.25±32.53) IU/L,(157.56±58.31) IU/L,(190.23±51.27) μmol/L,(223.72±43.18) IU/L,(80.86±21.85) IU/L,(2.92±0.73) μmol/L,(6.43±0.82) μmol/L, after treatment (37.64±11.25) IU/L,(36.25±11.83) IU/L,(47.67±8.32) μmol/L,(70.52±26.31) IU/L,(16.69±7.32) IU/L,(1.32±0.63) μmol/L,(4.31±0.63) μmol/L],the differences were statistically significant(the control group :t=14.3,12.9,10.6,16.7,16.4,7.7,13.1,all P<0.01;the research group:t=24.1,25.4,21.9,24.2,16.1,13.3,16.4,all P<0.01),but these indicators of the research group were improved significantly better than those of the control group, the differences were statistically significant(t=8.0,9.3,9.6,8.5,8.5,5.6,10.5;all P<0.01).Conclusion The clinical curative effect of research group is distinct, safe and has no obvious adverse reactions, which is worthy of clinical application.

MicroRNA (miRNA)is closely related to the occurrence and development of neoplasms. miR-139 is a tumor-suppressive miRNA and its expression is decreased in a variety of tumor tissues,while over-expression of miR-139 can inhibit cancer cell proliferation,migration,invasion and induce cell apoptosis by suppressing the expression of multiple kinds of target genes.Therefore,miR-139 has potential applications in tumor diagnosis,treatment and prognosis assessment.