OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for promoting the development of related legislation work on ensuring pediatric drug use in China. METHODS:The legislation process of pediatric drug use in US,the effects of current Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act and Pediatric Research Equity Act on pediatric drug use in US were intrduced and analyzed,suggestions on guarantee-ing the accessibility and safety on pediatric drug use in China were put forward. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:The policy6-month period of pediatric exclusive protectionin Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act has motivated the enthusiasm of phar-maceutical companies developing pediatric studies,while it affects the marketing of generic drugs. Pediatric Research Equity Act has achieved remarkable effect in terms of ensuring the safety of pediatric drug use by forcing pharmaceutical companies to carry out pediatrics assessments,while there is no enough force for the marketed drugs that has not been widely used for children. En-couragement and enforcement are useful methods for promoting development of pediatric drug use. It is suggested to take measures like modifingone drug two formsin Prescription Management Regulations,accelerating approvals of related pediatric drugs on the premise that safety is guaranteed,implementing tax preference for related pharmaceutical companies that produced pediatric drugs,promoting the entry of drug reimbursement list and empowering CFDA to force pharmaceutical companies to implement pedi-atric studies to promote the accessibility and safety of pediatric drugs.

Acupuncture anesthesia is a technique by partially or completely replacing anesthetics with acupuncture in surgery based on the traditional acupuncture analgesia mechanism.It emerged in the 1950s,went viral in the 1970s and then gradually fell into decline.In the recent years,this technique has regained attention and further research.Acupuncture anesthesia can be classified as either pure acupuncture anesthesia or acupuncture-medication combined anesthesia.To expand the application of this technique,a patient with non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome in urgent need of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) received pure acupuncture anesthesia because of an allergy to lidocaine,and the operation went successfully.This is the first time that pure acupuncture anesthesia and coronary arteriography were combined,which is of great significance in further study and development of acupuncture anesthesia.

Objective To investigate the associations of peripheral CD4+ CD25 + CD127low/-regulatory T cells (Treg) with HBV viral load and liver pathology in hepatitis B virus (HBV) carriers.Methods Forty six chronic HBV carriers admitted in the first hospital of Jiaxing during October 2012 and February 2014,and 23 healthy subjects (controls) were enrolled in the study.CD4+ CD25 + CD127low/-Treg in peripheral blood of the two groups were detected by flow cytometry.Ultrasound-guided liver biopsies were performed in chronic HBV carriers and HBV DNA load was determined by real-time PCR method.Independent samples t test was used for the comparison between groups,and Spearman rank correlation or Pearson linear correlation analyses were performed.Results The frequency of the peripheral CD4+ CD25+CD127low/-Treg in 46 HBV carriers was (5.11 ±1.47)％,which was significantly higher than that in healthy controls [(3.46 ± 1.23) ％,t =4.629,P ＜ 0.01].The HBV DNA load in HBV carriers was (6.21 ±1.98)lg copies/mL,which was positively correlated with the CD4+ CD25+ CD127low/-Treg level (r =0.405,P ＜ 0.01).Among 46 HBV carriers,21 (45.65％) were of inflammation grade 2 or above,and 16 (34.78％) were of fibrosis stage 2 or above.Peripheral CD4+ CD25+ CD127low/-Treg level was negatively correlated with inflammation and fibrosis in HBV carriers (r =-0.343 and-0.452,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion CD4 + CD25 + CD127low/-Treg may be associated with the chronicity of HBV infection and the degree of liver damage.

BackgroundRecent researches suggested that properties of neurons in the lateral geniculate neuron (LGN) may represent an important neural limitation on the development of basic spatial and temporal vision,and even binocular rivalry.However,previous studies on the properties of spatiotemporal frequency tuning of LGN were rather concentrated on a monkey or cat,whereas little is known about rat.ObjectiveThis study was to examine the development of spatiotemporal frequency tuning in rats LGN.MethodsTwenty Wistar rats were collected and divided into 14-16 day,20-22 day,27-30 day and 60 day groups according to the different ages after their eyes opened and 5 rats were assigned for each group.Extracellular single neuron recording was carried out in the rats to study the spatio-temporal receptive field properties of neurons in LGN by sinusoidal gratings visual stimuli.Dynamic changes of the spatio-temporal receptive field properties of neurons in LGN with the development of Wistar rats were evaluated.ResultsThe differences between band-pass and low-pass distribution of temporal frequency or spatial frequency of rat LGN were not statistically significant (x2 =0.68,0.47,P＞0.05 ).The optimal temporal frequency of receptive field in rat LGN went up to the maximum value until 60 day in Wistar rats.The mean optimal temporal frequencies of neurons in the four different age groups were ( 2.5 ± 1.3 ),( 2.6± 1.2),(2.6± 1.1 ) and ( 3.6± 1.1 ) Hz with significant differences among the 4 groups (F=4.53,P＜0.05 ),and those in the 14-16 day group,20-22 day group,27- 30 day group were significantly lower than in the 60 days group ( q =4.43,4.10,4.03,P ＜ 0.05 ).No significant differences were seen among the 14-16 day group,20-22 day group and 27-30 day group ( P＞0.05 ).The optimal spatial frequency values in the four groups were ( 0.04 ± 0.04 ),( 0.04 ± 0.03 ),( 0.05 ± 0.03 ),( 0.05 ± 0.04 ) cpd,respectively without statistical difference among them ( F =0.58,P ＞ 0.05 ).The temporal and spatial bandwidth values in the various age groups were not statistically significant among the four groups ( F =0.37,1.22,P＞0.05). Conclusions The development of temporal and spatial frequency characteristics of the rat LGN receptive field may be related to its functional visual pathway.

Objective To investigate the effect of ultraviolet ray on DNA methylation in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and its role in the pathogenesis of SLE.Methods Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated from 45 SLE patients and 20 healthy controls and were cultured in vitro.Then they were irradiated with 311 nm narrow band-ultraviolet my (NB-UVB) in various dosages.DNA methylation was,detected by high-performance capillary electrophoresis and DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) mRNA expression was measured by real-time quantitative PCR.Results The level of DNA methylation in SLE pafients was lower than that in the control group (P=0.014).DNA methylation was,decreased after UVB exposure with the dosage of 50,100 mJ/cm2 (P＜0.01),but no significant difference could be found in the DNMT1 mRNA expression.No significant correlation was found between the level of DNA methylation and systemic lupus erythematosus activity index (SLEDAI).Conclusion Changes take palce in DNA methylation after UVB exposure,and UVB may affect the pathogenesis of SLE by changing DNA methylation.

Aim: To clone and over-express the gene encoding aminoglycoside(AG)phosphotransferase(APH)from clinical MRSA isolates in E.coli and to develop an assay method for the recombinant APH.Methods: The susceptibility of clinical MRSA isolates to AGs was tested by disk diffusion.A nucleic acid sequence encoding APH was amplified from the genomic DNA of an isolate and ligated to expression vector pET-28a,and then trans-formed into E.coli BL21(DE3).After purification of the recombinant protein by affinity chromatography,the phosphorylation activity of the enzyme was determined by ESI-MS and disk diffusion.Flesults: All 6 clinical MRSA isolates were unsusceptible to AGs.After cloning and expression,the recombinant APH was purified to90%.The in vitro activity assay indicated that the recombinant protein could inactivate kanamycin B in the assay mixture within 2 h.Conclusion: The recombinant APH showed excellent enzymatic activity.The assay method was simple and convenient,which may provide the basis of developing a screening model for APH inhibitors.

OBJECTIVETo study the mechanism and feasibility of transurethral electrochemical therapy for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

METHODSBetween March 1998 and March 2000, specifically designed devices and catheters for electrochemical therapy were applied to 6 prostate specimens obtained by suprapubic prostatectomy in order to treat BPH patients with urinary retention for whom surgery was contraindicated. Sixteen patients (with a mean age of 77.3 years old) underwent electrical treatment totaling 160-220 coulombs under topical urethral anesthesia for 68-132 min. The catheters remained inside the patient for 7-10 d.

RESULTSIrreversible destructive changes occurred within cathodal tissue, while carbonization occurred within anodic tissue. The radius of tissue change was 7-8 mm and 1-2 mm, respectively. In vivo trial: 11 (69%) patients could be weaned off the catheters with satisfactory urination. Three months after therapy, the mean international prostate symptom score (IPSS) was 14.5, mean peak flow rate was 10.5 ml/s, and mean residual urine was 39 ml. No serious complications were observed.

CONCLUSIONTransurethral electrochemical treatment is potentially a minimally invasive alternative for treatment of BPH, especially for elderly patients at high risk.

Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Electric Stimulation Therapy ; adverse effects ; Electrochemistry ; Humans ; Male ; Prostatic Hyperplasia ; therapy ; Transurethral Resection of Prostate

Background The integration of segregated pathways from the two eyes first appears in V1 neurons,where it not only plays a critical role in the generation of a three-dimensional visual representation.Abnormal visual experiences in critical period usually lead to amblyopia and binocular integration defects.Objective Present study was to investigate how neurons of kitten coordinate their activity patterns in response to synchronous dichoptic stimulus inputs in striate cortex.Methods Spike rate and local field potential(LFP) gamma band(20-90Hz) power of three kitten(1-1.2Kg,8-10 weeks old) to monocular and synchronous dichoptic presented gratings were assessed for 28 binocular neurons in V1 of kitten by in vivo extracellular record method under anaesthesia and paralysis.Ocular dominance index(ODI) and binocular integration index(BII) were assessed and the correlation between these two indexes were analyzed.Results In 28 cells with binocular characteristic,the absolute value of spike-ODI was significant larger than that of LFP-ODI(t=2.606,P=0.021).A positive linear correlation between the ocular preferences of spike and LFP was found(R2=0.513,F=27.423,P=0.003).In dichotic trails,binocular facilitation with BII for spike was 2.348±0.996,showing a significant reduce in comparison with BII for LFP(3.678±1.974)(t=2.671,P=0.019).Binocular integration index for two signals were greater when monocular responses of both eyes were similar(P=0.035 and P=0.124,respectively).Conclusion Both spike rate and gamma band power of LFP exhibited binocular facilitation to synchronous presented dichotic stimuli with significant facilitation induced by balanced monocular responses.Spiking activity and LFP reflect neural activities of different spatial scales and source components.

Objective: To observe the clinical efficacy of acupuncture plus bloodletting therapy in treating insomnia in people with blood stasis constitution. Methods: Seventy-two patients were randomized into a treatment group and a control group by using the random number table, 36 cases each. The treatment group received acupuncture plus bloodletting therapy, while the control group was intervened by oral administration of estazolam. One-week treatment was taken as a course, for 3 successive courses in total. A follow-up study was conducted 3 months later. The Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) was evaluated before and after the intervention, as well as in the follow-up. The clinical efficacies were also compared. Results: The total effective rate was 88.9% in the treatment group versus 83.3% in the control group, and the between-group difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). After the intervention, the PSQI scores dropped significantly in both groups (both P<0.05); the between-group difference in PSQI score was statistically significant (P<0.05). The follow-up study showed that the between-group difference in the global score of PSQI was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: Acupuncture plus bloodletting therapy can produce a more significant efficacy than oral administration of estazolam in treating insomnia in people with blood stasis constitution.

OBJECTIVETo study and compare the anti-inflammatory effect and molecular mechanism of artemisinin and dihydroartemisinin.

METHODMouse mononuclear macrophage RAW264.7 cells were stimulated to release inflammatory mediators such as TNF-alpha, IL-6 and NO, in order to assess the drugs' inhibitory effect on macrophage's release of above inflammatory mediators. The levels of TNF-alpha and IL-6 were determined by ELISA and the cytotoxicity was determined by MTT method. The protein expression of iNOS, COX-2 and beta-actin were tested by Western blot. The enzymatic activity of COX-2 was determined by colorimetric method.

RESULTDihydroartemisinin significantly inhibited LPS-induced release of TNF-alpha, IL-6 and NO from RAW264.7 in mice with the concentration range of 12.5 - 100 micromol x L(-1), and showed good dose dependence. Artemisinin only inhibited the IL-6 release to a certain extent.

CONCLUSIONDihydroartemisinin inhibits macrophages from releasing inflammatory factors TNF-alpha and IL-6 and inflammatory mediators NO by down-regulating iNOS protein. Artemisinin may help dihydroartemisinin to show its anti-inflammatory effect through metabolism.

Animals ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents ; pharmacology ; Artemisinins ; pharmacology ; Cell Line ; Gene Expression ; drug effects ; Inflammation Mediators ; immunology ; Interleukin-6 ; genetics ; immunology ; Macrophages ; drug effects ; immunology ; Mice ; Nitric Oxide ; immunology ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; genetics ; immunology