Objective The Rex shunt has been used to treat children with extrahepatic portal hypertension by creating a venous bypass between the superior mesenteric vein and the left portal vein to circumvent the extrahepatic portal venous obstruction.This retrospective study aimed to analyse our results in the use of this novel approach.Methods 52 patients with cavernous transformation and obstructed main portal veins were treated by Rex shunts.Results The age of children was 1.4 ～ 12 year,the mean age was 3.7 years.The patients were followed up from 1.5 to 5 years.In 48 patients,there was no recurrence of gastrointestinal bleeding after surgery making an efficacy rate of 92.3％.In the recurrence group,the postoperative venous pressure in the superior mesenteric vein was (27.6 ± 3.2) cmH2O (1 cmH2O =0.098kPa) which was significantly higher than the non-recurrence group (23.5 ± 3.1)cmH2O.The difference between the pre-and post-Rex shunting was significantly lower in the recurrence group (5.7 ± 1.8)cmH2O than the non-recurrence group (11.7 ± 3.3) cmH2 O,P ＜ 0.05.Thus,a low reduction in postoperative pressure was an early manifestation of poor prognosis.Conclusions The Rex shunt was safe and efficacious.The degree of reduction in postoperative venous pressure in the superior mesenteric vein could be used to predict recurrence of gastrointestinal bleeding.

Objective To investigate the learning curve of laparoscopy-assisted anorectoplasty in the treatment of high imperforate anus.Methods Sixty patients with high congenital anal atresia who were treated with laparoscopy-assisted anorectoplasty in the Capital Institute of Pediatrics from December 2008 to October 2015 by one experience surgeon were selected as observation group.Based on the criteria,the patients were divided into 4 groups(15 cases in each group) according to the sequence of the operation and every 15 cases served as a learning phase.The operating time,frequency of operation,complication rate,conversion rate to open surgery,blood loss,the rates of blood transfusion and hospital stay were compared among the 4 phases.Results The mean operation duration was (176.3 ±41.6) min,(128.8 ± 36.1) min,(127.3 ± 35.2) min,(124.0 ± 30.1) min in group A,B,C and D,respectively.The operation duration of 4 groups showed a declining trend.Group A has longer operation time than group B,C and D,the difference were statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05).In detail,the comparison of operation time between group A and group B was statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05).Furthermore,group A had significantly more median blood loss than group B,C and D,the differences were statistically significant [the 4 groups of data,respectively,group A:(17.5 ±6.5) mL,group B:(15.0±5.0) mL,group C:(14.5 ±5.5) mL,group D:(8.5 ±6.5) mL,P＜0.05].The mean capacity of blood loss was 12.7 mL.No significant difference was found in surgical complications,the rates of blood transfusion,total hospital stay,and postoperative hospital stay among the 4 groups(P ＞ 0.05).But the postoperative hospital stay decreased from 9.8 d (group A) to 7.4 d (group D).Conclusions For a well-trained surgeon in imperforate anus surgery.The learning curve of laparoscopy-assisted anorectoplasty in the treatment of high imperforate anus on about 15 cases helps to make a skillful surgeon.

Objective To study methylation status of the Runx3 gene in occurrence and development of children malignant lymphoma.Methods The bone marrow specimens of 48 children diagnosed as malignant lymphoma were included into experimental group.20 children with non-malignancy were included into control group.Methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MS-PCR) was used to detect methylation status of Runx3 gene in bone marrow cells.The reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to detect mRNA expression of Runx3 gene.Results MS-PCR assay results showed that 31 cases expressed Runx3 gene methylation in experimental group,the positive rate was 64.6 ％ (31/48),but no one was detected in control group (20 cases),the difference between two groups was significant (x2 =15.7,P ＜0.05).Dynamic observation of 42 cases in experimental group showed the declining of Runx3 methylation positive rate.RT-PCR assay results showed that all 20 cases in the control group expressed Runx3 gene mRNA,all cases with methylation status of the Runx3 gene in the experimental group didn’ t expressed Runx3 gene mRNA.In experimental group,9 cases of clinical remission expressed Runx3 gene mRNA,and 1 case of relapsed didn’ t expressed Runx3 gene mRNA.Conclusion Runx3 gene shows a high methylation status in bone marrow cells of malignant lymphoma children,so that blocked the expression of Runx3 gene,which is closely related to the occurrence and development of children malignant lymphoma.

Objective To evaluate wall histological abnormalities 2 to 3 cm to the end in high or intermediate anal atresia in order to identify features that explain postoperative bowel dysfunctions.Methods Sixty anal atresia patients treated in the Capital Pediatric Institution between January 2008 and December 2012 were recruited in our study.36 patients were resected the terminal anal segment (3 cm).Compared with those 24 cases who were not.Resected samples were fixed for HE and immuno-histochemical stainings.Clinical data including sacral ratio (SR),age at operation,gender,bowel function were evaluated.Results There was no significant difference in patients' SR value,gender and age at operation between resected group and control group.The median follow-up period was 4.5 years.The rates of voluntary bowel movement,soiling (grade 1,2,3) were similar in both groups,however,the rates of severe constipation in resection group was significantly lower that in control group (3 ％ vs.21％,P ＜ 0.05) In the bowel wall of distal 2 cm anrectal canal,the connective tissue was found to be irregular and abnormally represented.Muscle coat was abnormal in all cases,showing the dysplasia circular and longitudinal layers.The number of enteric nervous system was significant fewer in distal 2cm anrectal canal than that in distal 3 cm(1.6 ±0.9 vs.5.6 ±1.8,t=11.715,P＜0.01).Conclusions Resection of terminal 3 cm at least of the atresia anal canal benefits postoperative bowel defecation function.

Objective To analysis the etiology and molecular classification of brucella strains isolated in Guangdong province in 2010.Methods The strains of 19 brucella were verified and identified by some methods including traditional biology phenotype confirmation,PCR amplification and pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE).Results On phenotype level,4 strains were brucella melitensis biovar 1,2 strains were brucella suis biovar 3,and the rest were brucella melitensis biovar 3,which were specific B genes positive strains,and the PFGE typing similar values ranging from 67.9％ to 100％.In addition to the four strains from Zhuhai for the outbreak,the homology was 100％,and the rest were sporadic cases.Conclusions Brucella cases,in Guangdong province,are highly sporadic and dispersed outbreaks.Compared with a few years ago,it shows species diversification,and brucella melitensis biovar 3 is still the dominant serotype.PFGE can be used to distinguish the three species of brucella,but it can't effectively distinguish the allotypes.

Objective To study and discuss what part does methylated Id4 gene participate in malignant lymphoma stage Ⅳ by detecting the extent of how much Id4 gene has been methylated in afflicted children who suffer from malignant lymphoma.Methods Forty-two patients who had diagnosed with malignant lymphoma [Hodgkin's disease (HD),Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma(NHL)] were selected as study group.Their chemotherapy stages of pre-treatment,early-treatment,mid-treatment,post-treatment and clinical remissions or relapse throughout the entire treatment had been traced.At each stage the expression of methylated Id4 gene mRNA was detected by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MS-PCR) and compared with the control group.The control group consisted of 20 non-neoplastic hematologic disorder affected children as sample donors.Results MS-PCR detection:in pre-treatment stage,there were 27 patients who were found methylated or partially methylated Id4 genes.Methylated ratio was thus at 64.3％ (27 patients out of a total of 42 patients).Those 27 patients were actively traced down along with different stages of treatment (21 NHL patients,6 HD patients).Before NHL there was 55.6％ methylated Id4 gene (15 cases out of 27 NHL patients).During chemotherapy treatment,there was 51.9％ of methylated Id4 gene positive (14 cases out of 27 patients).In post chemotherapy treatment,there was 48.1％ of methylated Id4 gene positive (13 cases out of 27 patients).Totally there were 9 patients showed clinical recovery after chemotherapy.There was 44.4％ of traceable methylated Id4 gene after recovered chemotherapy patients (4 recovered patients still carrying positive reading of methylated Id4 gene out of totally 9 recovered patients).There were 2 patients relapsed,with traceable methylated Id4 gene re-appeared in them afterwards.Throughout different treatment stages,there was no significant correlation in the treatment result and the appearance of methylated Id4 gene in early treatment stages (all P ＞ 0.05).But in latter treatment of chemotherapy,the correlation started to emerge (P ＜ 0.05) ; The overall statistics on NHL and HD share the same statistical pattern on different stages (all P ＞ 0.05).The control group had 20 patients,none of them had methylated Id4 gene.The study group showed noticeable difference in methylated Id4 gene before and after the experiment (P ＜ 0.001).RT-PCR result showed that before chemotherapy treatment,all of those who carried methylated Id4 gene had no expression of mRNA,by comparison to the control1 group which all had expression of mRNA.Conclusions Methylated Id4 gene is closely related in affected children who suffer from malignant lymphoma and its complications.The expression of Id4 gene is depressed when it has been methylated.The state of methylated Id4 gene is changed as patient's condition changed,so the methylated Id4 gene is thus a possible indicator of early diagnostic tool for children lymphoma.

The development of neuroimaging has led to a high diagnostic rate of cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD).The hemorrhage transformation (HT) and clinical prognosis after intravenous thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) with CSVD have become hot topics in recent years.Relevant studies have shown that different subtypes of CSVD may have different influences in HT and clinical prognoses in AIS.In clinic,each subtype of CSVD may not exist alone in one patient,therefore,some scholars put forward the concept of total burden of CSVD to further quantitatively assess the severity of CSVD in the whole brain and their effects on HT and clinical prognosis after intravenous thrombolysis of AIS.This article reviews the researches on HT and clinical prognosis after intravenous thrombolysis in AIS with CSVD.

The oral administration of bioactive macromolecular drugs such as proteins, peptides and nucleic acids represents unprecedented challenges from the drug delivery point of view. One key consideration is how to overcome the gastrointestinal tract absorption barrier. Recent studies suggest that microfold cell (M cell), a kind of specialized antigen-sampling epithelial cell which is characterized by a high endocytic rate and low degradation ability, may play an important role in macromolecule oral absorption. The development of an in vitro M cell coculture system and its modified models greatly advanced the study of M cells and the development of oral delivery system for macromolecular drugs. The special structure, function and formation characteristics, and biomarkers of M cell are summarized in this review. The applications of in vitro M cell models in developing oral delivery system ofbioactive macromolecular drugs are discussed.
Administration, Oral ; Animals ; Drug Delivery Systems ; methods ; Humans ; Intestinal Mucosa ; cytology ; Macromolecular Substances ; administration & dosage ; pharmacokinetics ; Models, Biological ; Peptides ; administration & dosage ; pharmacokinetics ; Peyer's Patches ; cytology ; Proteins ; administration & dosage ; pharmacokinetics ; Vaccines ; pharmacokinetics

Objective To understand the infection of Salmonella (S.) in patients with diarrhea and outbreaks caused by Salmonella to identify the serotypes, resistance to antibiotics and PFGE types of the strains from the surveillance program in Guangdong province. Methods S. strains from patients with diarrhea were detected, and all the positive strains collected in routine and outbreak surveillance programs, were tested by serum agglutination, antibiotic susceptibility and PFGE.Results 71 S. strains were isolated from 1922 stool samples in 2008, with positive rate as 3.7%.85 S. strains were isolated from 2110 stool samples in 2009, with positive rate as 4.0%. All the 156 strains were divided into 37 serotypes, with S. serotype typhimurium and enteritidis as the most common serotypes. 10 incidents of food poisoning were detected, of which 4 were caused by enteritidis and 3 by typhimurium. A suspected outbreak by enteritidis was discovered and under epidemiological investigation. The findings indicated that 2 of the 4 patients from this outbreak were infected with identical enteritidis isolates. 80% of the 229 isolates were found susceptible to cephalosporins and quinoione and 59.3% of them were muitiresistant to the antibiotics. Conclusion S. enteritidis and S. typhimurium were the most common serotypes that caused infectious diarrhoea and food poisoning in Guangdong province.

Objective To study the serotypes,virulence features and molecular characteristics of Vibrio parahaemaolyticus isolated in food poisoning cases and surveillance program on diarrhea patients in Guangdong,2009.Methods 95 Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains from food poisoning cases and 15 strains from surveillance program on diarrhea patients were serotyped and detected for tdh(thermostable direct hemolysin,tdh)and trh(tdh-related hemolysin gene,trh)by PCR.81 sero-variant Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains were selected through PFGE subtyping.Results There were 15 Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains isolated from surveillance program on diarrhea patients and 95 strains were isolated from 11 Vibrio parahaemolyticus-caused food poisoning cases in 2009.Among these strains,O3:K6(46.67％ and 44.21％)and O4:K8(33.33％ and 28.42％)were the dominant serotypes,but not the 7 food-borne strains.There were 93(84.54％)tdh +trh-,13(11.81％)tdh-trh-,and 3(3.65％)tdh+ trh + strains.The similarity value was between 57.7％ to 100.0％ of the 81 strains after PFGE sub-typing method and 36 PFGE subtypes were identified.PFGE001 and PFGE029 appeared to be the dominant subtypes.Conclusion O3:K6 and O4:K8 were the most dominant serotypes in Vibrio parahaemolyticus-caused diarrhea and food poisoning cases in Guangdong and tdh were detected in most of the strains.Dominant PFGE subtypes were causing both sporadic and outbreak cases in different areas in Guangdong province.