Objective To establish a method for determining glutamate concentration in microamount cerebrospinal fluid after acute cerebral insult.Methods The concentration of glutamate in cerebrospinal fluid was measured in mice after acute cerebral insult by precolumn derivatization with O-phthaldehyde.Results The average recovery of glutamate was 84.26% to 125.6%(n=3),the relative standard deviation(RSD) in one day and three days was respectively less than 4.94%(n=3),0.78%(n=3).The concentration of glutamate in cerebrospinal fluid of mice 6 h after acute cerebral insult was significantly higher than that of sham operation mice(P

Objective To observe the clinical effect of orally montelukast combined with doxofylline in older bronchial asthma.Methods A total of 87 stationary phase older bronchial asthma patients were divided into trial group (44 cases) and control group (43 cases).Trial group was given orally montelukast 10 mg 1 time/d,doxofylline 0.2 g,2 times/d.Control group was given inhaled fluticasone 250 μ g,2 times/d,a total of 3 months.The forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1),peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR),one second rate (FEV1/FVC),asthma control test (ACT) score and the adverse reaction were compared between the 2 groups.Results There were no significant differences in FEV1,PEFR,FEV1/FVC before treatment between the 2 groups (P ＞ 0.05),they were significantly improved after treatment [trial group:(2.20 ± 3.21)L vs.(1.68 ± 0.71) L,(3.97 ± 0.32) L/s vs.(3.27 ± 0.32) L/s,(76.18 ± 1.02)％ vs.(63.91 ± 1.40)％,control group:(2.24 ±0.75) L vs.(1.71 ± 1.58) L,(4.06 ±0.34) L/s vs.(3.29 ±0.28) L/s,(77.85 ±0.67)％ vs.(62.37 ± 1.29)％],there were statistical differences (P ＜ 0.05).But there were no statistical differences after treatment between the 2 groups (P＞ 0.05).According ACT score,total effective rate in trial group was 90.9％ (40/44),in control group was 95.3％(41/43),there was no statistical difference (P ＞ 0.05).The rates of adverse reaction in trial group and control group were 4.5％(2/44) and 7.0％(3/43),there was no statistical difference (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions The curative effect of orally montelukast combined with doxofylline in older bronchial asthma closes to the classic solution of inhalation fluticasone,which is easily accepted by older patients,and safety.It provides another option for older bronchial asthma patients.

Diabetic macular edema (DME) is a common complication of diabetes that can lead to severely impaired visual acuity.Its pathogenesis is complex,which is closely related to the destruction of blood-retinal barrier,and there are many cytokines involved in its formation,but the exact mechanism is not yet fully clear.Recent researches suggested that some typical pathological characterizations of retina can be used as criteria for evaluating its occurrence,and it is known that a variety of risk factors participated in the pathological process,such as glucose,blood pressure,blood lipids,which are well-known and can be closely correlated with its development through impacting the systemic and retinal vascular functions by complex mechanisms and leading to endothelial dysfunction.While other systemic risk factors,such as diabetic nephropathy which leads to changes in osmotic balance,anemia which increases cytokines caused by ischemia and hypoxia,excessive body weight which leads to vascular damage through fat factor,smoking that produces blood vessel damage by promoting oxidative stress on the body and various hypoglycemic drugs,will influence the development of macular edema on different levels.So conducting a comprehensive and newest understanding of this disease and its risk factors are conducive to better prevention efforts for diabetes patients.This review mainly summarizes the latest researches on definition,classification,pathologic characterization and risk factors of DME.

To study the effect of postural change on intraocular pressure ( lOP ) fluctuation in open angle glaucoma patients after trabeculectomy, and to discuss the value of this investigation on prognosis.METHODS:Fifty-one cases (62 eyes) of primary open angle glaucoma were selected as the research object. Perkins ophthalmotonometer was used to test lOP at the time when patient seat ( first seat ) . The patients were asked to lie supine for 25min, detected lOP, and the patients seated again (final seat), sustaining for 15min, detected lOP. According to whether the lOP range was more than 5mmHg, they were divided into high volatility fluctuation group and low volatility fluctuation group. We recorded their visual field progression ( with AGlS score) , HPA staging, in order to evaluate the correlation of lOP range with them. Reviews were made 3mo a time, and lasted for 1a, in order to evaluate the relation between lOP range and AGlS scores.RESULTS: The lOP of first seat was 18. 1+2. 2mmHg. There was no significant difference in the same position (P>0. 05 ). The lOP range was 4. 1 ± 1. 5mmHg. Low volatility fluctuation group was more likely to have low AGlS score and to be early vision HPA ( P<0. 001, P<0. 05 ) . There were significantly positive correlation between lOP range and AGlS (r=0. 412, P<0. 001); With time increasing, the number of patients whose visual field progression was increased, and the lOP was also raised. At any time the two were positively correlated (P<0. 01).CONCLUSlON:Visual field progression is related to the degree of lOP fluctuation in open angle glaucoma patients after trabeculectomy, so we can predict the prognosis of patients simply by detect lOP fluctuation. This is good to adjust the lOP control scheme.

Objective To observe the effect of doxepin hydrochloride on refractory hiccups after stroke.Methods 60 patients with refractory hiccup of post-stroke were randomly divided into 2 groups, treatment group :30 cases were given doxepin tablets 25～50 mg orally,3 times a day for 2～8 days;the control group :30 patients were orally adaine stened alprazolam 0. 4mg,3 times a day for 2～8 days. Results The total effective rate was 96. 67% in the treatment group,the total effective rate was 56. 67% in the control group,the effect of the treatment group is better than the control group( P＜0. 05 ). Conclusion The effect of doxepin hydrochloride on refractory hiccups after stroke is obvious,the method is simple,takes effect quickly,no significant side effects,the price is low.

Objective To elucidate potential roles of tyrosine kinase 2 (Tyk2) in the generation and maintenance of Ag-specific CD8+ T cells. Methods We followed the fate of OVA-specific CD8 + T cells in Tyk2-deficient ( Tyk2 -/- ) mice after infection with recombinant OVA-expressing BCG ( rBCGOVA ). Because the immunostimulatory BCG-derived peptides recognized by CD8 + T cells have not been defined, and the OVA is definite peptide for specific CD8 + T cells that has been accepted widely, therefore we examine the kinetics of the OVA-Ag-specific CD8 + T cell response after rBCG-OVA infection in mice.Tyk2-/- and wild type(Tyk2+/+ ) mice were inoculated with rBCG-OVA by intra-trachea( i. t. ), after the examination of bacterial growth in the lung and spleen, the population of CD8 + T cells were detected by FACS analysis, the epitope-specific CD8 + T cells were followed with tetrameric H-2Kb molecule folding with OVA257 264 peptide, and the kinetics of Ag-specific CD8 + Tc1 cells were detected by intracellular IFN-γ production in response to OVA257-264 peptide by cytokine FACS analysis. Results After rBCG-OVA challenge,the bacteria number in spleen and lung of Tyk2 -/- mice were significantly larger than those in Tyk2 +/+ mice on days 14, 21 and 49. Almost as same as that in Tyk2+/+ mice, the size of epitope-specific CD8+ T cella with OVA257-264/Kb-tetramer-positive and the CD8 +Tc1 (T eytotoxic 1 )cells positive for intracellular IFN-γ could proliferate to its peak on day 21, then contract and maintain to the memory phase in spleen and lung of Tyk2-/- mice, but the population of CD8+ T cells in spleen and lung of Tyk2 -/- mice were significantly smaller than those in Tyk2+/+ mice on days 21 and 49, the number of epitope-specific CD8+ T cells in spleen and lung of Tyk2 -/- mice were significantly decreased and the frequency of CD8 + Tc1 cells in spleen and lung of Tyk2 -/- mice significantly reduced on day 21,49 and 70 after rBCG-OVA infection. So correspond with the larger number of bacteria in Tyk2-/- mice than those in Tyk2 +/+ mice, the expansion of OVA257-264-specific CD8 + T cells and CD8+ Tc1 response were attenuated in Tyk2 -/- mice following rBCG-OVA infection. Conclusion These results suggest that the lack of Tyk2 signaling impairs the proliferation and difference of effector CD8 + T cell to rBCG-OVA infection and at least, is partly responsible for the susceptible to the rBCG-OVA infection.

Tob1 is a member of Tob/BTG anti-proliferative proteins family. Studies have shown that Tobl involves in tumor development, embryonic development, hyperostosis, behavioral capacity and so on.Tobl is intimate with tumor occurrence and development, and plays an important role in suppressing tumor development. The article focuses on the biological characteristics of the Tob1 and its relationship with tumors.

Expression of the T-type Ca2 + channels has been reported in numerous types of tumors due to their unique activation/inactivation properties. In some cancer cells, the expression of T-type Ca2+ channels is proliferation state dependent. T-type channel blockers or interfering the α1 subunit of this channel via siRNA decrease proliferation of these cells. Since T-type Ca2+ channels are not expressed in epithelial cells, selective T-type Ca2 + channel blockers maybe serve as a potential therapeutic approach in the treatment of certain types of cancers.

[Objective]The article summarizes the essentials of clinical dialectical experience by professor Ye Bai,the famous TCM physician. [Medthods] From following professor Ye Bai clinical studies and his expository teaching,summarize the experience and thoughts of treat peptic ulcer,and for a case. [Results]Ye Bai deems of the main reason for the occurrence of PU is the deficiency cold of spleen and stomach, liver-stomach disharmony, and puts forward that we should pay attention to replenishing spleen,regulate qi precautions injurying yin,don't forget to activate blood in the long illness when we treat it, and emphasizes the combination of disease differentiation and syndrome differentiation, to improve the prognosis, reduce the adverse reactions and recurrence rate of treatment principle. [Conclusion]Ye Bai has adepted in treating the PU that has a perfect effect,the experience covers ancient and new ways, worth popularzing and studing.

Objective:To explore the relationship among glycemic index (GI) ,glycemic load (GL) and cardiovascular disease risk .Methods:From Jan 2010 to Jan 2014 ,a total of 120 healthy subjects were selected .According to random number ta‐ble ,subjects were randomly and equally divided into control group and intervention group .Control group received normal diet ,while in intervention group ,GL and GI in diet were calculated using related indexes and referring to International Glycemic Index Table ;physicians and nurses formulated the diet list ,controlled the diet ,followed up regularly ,traced and surveyed .Incidence rate of cardiovascular diseases was compared between two groups .Results:Compared with control group after intervention group , there were significant reductions in GI [ (71.12 ± 4.55 ) vs . (57.82 ± 3.98 )] and GL [ (20.02 ± 3.35) vs .(15.97 ± 2.46)] in intervention group , P<0.01 both .The four-year trace survey found that mor‐bidity rate of cardiovascular diseases in intervention group was significantly lower than that of control group (3.33% vs . 16.67% ,P=0.015) .Conclusion:As important indexes reflecting postprandial glucose response caused by food ,GI and GL should be involved into daily diet system ,which can not only avoid occurrence of cardiovascular disease effectively ,but is help to control total dietary energy and blood glucose response ,and provide a more scientific and effective dietary reference for prevention and treatment of various chronic diseases .