Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/ PD) modelling plays more and more important role in the study of pharmacology. This paper recommends some new research progress including PK models, PD models, four basic attributes of PK/PD model, population PK/PD model , physiological PK/PD model, and some questions aboututilization of Sheiner effect compartment model.

Objective To investigate the distribution of pathogens detected in blood cultures and the value of double blood cul‐ture .Methods There were 2 033 cases of blood cultures including 1 425 cases of single blood culture and 608 cases of doube blood cultures were in the study .Blood cultures were performed by using Bact/Alert3D automated detection system ,and the positive blood culture results were statistically analyzed .Results There were 251 blood culture positive samples ,the detection rate was 12 .3% (251/2 033) .Among them ,the positive rate of single blood culture was 11 .9% (169/1 425);positive rate of double blood culture was 13 .5% (82/608) .There were 216 strains of pathogenic bacteria(repeatedly culture of the same pathogen from the same patient only accounted for 1 strain) .The isolates of gram positive(G+ ) cocci accounted for 65 .7% (142/216) and the major bacteria were coagulase negative Staphy lococci .Escherichia coli and Acinetobacter baumannii were the dominant isolates among Enterobac‐teriaceae[accounted for 20 .8% (45/216)] and Non‐fermenting gram‐negative(G-) rods[accounted for 8 .8% (19/216)] ,respective‐ly .The isolating rate of doube blood cultures was significantly higher than the single one(P<0 .05) .Coagulase‐negative staphylo‐coccus were isolated primarily in single blood culture and double blood culture with only one test postive .Non‐fermenting gram‐neg‐ative rods and fungi were the most common strains isolated from double blood culture with two tests both postive .Conclusion The distributions of pathogens isolated from single blood culture ,double blood culture with only one test positive and two tests positive are different .Because collecting double sets of blood cultures can significantly increase the isolating rates and distinguish contamina‐tion from real bloodstream infection ,collecting double sets of blood cultures should be recommended .Double blood culture is helpful to improve the detection rate of pathogenic bacteria and bacteria identification .

Objective To investigate the effect of dl-3n-Butylphthalide (NBP) on cardiac function and sympathetic remodeling in rats with myocardial infarction (MI).Methods Totally 50 male SD rats were randomly divided into 3 groups:Sham-operated (sham) group (n 10),myocardial infraction (MI) group (n=20) and MI with NBP group (n=20).A rat myocardial infarction model was established by ligating anterior descending branch of coronary artery.Rats in MI with NBP group were received the gavage treatment with NBP.Cardiac function was evaluated by hemodynamic detection at 7 day post-MI.Cardiac tissues were stained with hematoxylin and eosin as well as Masson trichrome.The distribution and density of growth associated protein-43-(GAP-43) and tyrosine hydroxytase-(TH) positive nerve at infarction border zone were detected by immunohistochemistry.The activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway was detected by western blot analysis.Results 8 rats died in MI group,in which 2 rats died within 24h.7 rats died in MI with NBP group,and in which 3 rats died within 24 h.The left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) and left ventricular end-systolic pressure (LVESP) were (7.81 ± 2.46) mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa) and (103.32±10.59) mmHg,(18.93±3.17) mmHg and (136.44±13.62) mmHg,(16.56±4.82) mmHg and (112.83±16.97) mmHg in sham group,MI group and MI with NBP group respectively.There were no significant differences in + dP/dt and-dP/dt between MI group and MI with NBP group (both P＞0.05).Compared with sham group,the collagen volume fraction at infarct border zone was increased in MI group (P＜0.05),but was reduced in MI with NBP group as compared to the MI group (P＜0.05).The densities of GAP-43-and TH-positive nerves at infarct border zone were increased in MI group as compared with sham group,and reduced in MI with NBP group as compared with MI group (both P＜0.05).NBP could reduced p IKBα protein expression and increase IKBα protein expression in rats with MI.Conclusions NBP may improve the sympathetic remodeling after MI via the inhibition of NF-κB signaling pathway.

Liver fibrosis can be caused by chronic liver injury arising from various etiological factors and it is a reversible process.The activation of the hepatic stellate cell(HSC)is the central event in liver fibrosis,since we know that cytokines secreted from Kupffer cell participate in HSC proliferation,apoptosis and ECM metabolism.In this paper we focus on the relationship between HSCs,Kupffer cell,cytokines and the course of hepatic fibrosis.Elucidating this relationship will benefit research on the role of Kupffer and HSCs in hepatic fibrosis.

Liver fibrosis can be caused by chronic liver injury arising from various etiological factors and it is a reversible process. The activation of the hepatic stellate cell( HSC) is the central event in liver fibrosis,since we know that cytokines secreted from Kupffer cell participate in HSC proliferation,apoptosis and ECM metabolism. In this paper we focus on the relation-ship between HSCs,Kupffer cell,cytokines and the course of hepatic fibrosis. Elucidating this relationship will benefit research on the role of Kupffer and HSCs in hepatic fibrosis.

Anemia, Refractory, with Excess of Blasts ; complications ; drug therapy ; Azacitidine ; analogs & derivatives ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Myelodysplastic Syndromes ; complications ; drug therapy ; Treatment Outcome

Objective: To evaluate the role of 3-phase contrast-enhanced multidetector-row computed tomography (MDCT) in observing blood vessel invasion around the pancreas before operation and its value in assessing the resectibility of pancreatic carcinoma. Methods: The 3-phase contrast-enhanced MDCT scanning images of 25 patients with pancreatic carcinoma were retrospectively analyzed. The intensity difference in 3-phase contrast-enhanced MDCT scanning images between pancreatic carcinoma and normal pancreas and the involvement of major blood vessel were analyzed; the results were compared with those of operative finding. Results: Seventeen patients had pancreatic carcinomas at the head of pancreas, six at the body of pancreas, and two at the tail of pancreas. The diameters of pancreatic carcinomas were ≤2 cm in two patients, and the others with diameter >2 cm. All the 25 patients were surgically treated, 12 receiving pancreaticoduodenectomy and 13 receiving palliative surgery. Four (9 blood vessels)patients were misdiagnosed as unresectable and 3 (8 blood vessels)as resectable. The arterial phase of MDCT was helpful for observation of the blood vessel involvement and for performing computed tomographic arteriography (CTA), which can better assess the tumor invasion of arteries around the pancreas. The largest intensity difference between normal pancreas and pancreatic carcinomas was found during the pancreatic phase, making it easier to discover pancreatic carcinoma. The largest intensity difference between liver and metastatic tumor was found in the liver phase, making it easier for qualitative diagnosis. Conclusion: Three phase contrast-enhanced scanning with MDCT has great value for diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma and for assessment of major blood vessel involvement. MDCT, together with other criteria, can help to assess the resectibility of tumor before operation.

Objective: To observe the manifestations of magnetic resonance cholangiopanceatography (MRCP) and conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for pancreaticobiliary duct lesions. Methods: Fifty-eight patients with pancreaticobiliary duct lesions, which were confirmed by pathology and comprehensive imaging, were examined by 3D-MRCP volume scanning with thin slice reconstruction, 2D-MRCP projective scanning and conventional MRI. The MRCP and MRI manifestations of different lesions were analyzed and their diagnostic values were discussed. Results: Calculus of bile duct and pancreatic duct was found in 28 patients, chronic pancreatitis in 9, pancreatic cancer in 9, carcinomas of bile duct in 5, metastases to lymph nodes of porta hepatic in 2, congenital choledochus dilatation, cholecystectomy, pancreas divisum, post liver transplantation, and malignant intraductal papillary mucinous tumor of pancreatic duct all in 1. The manifestations of 3D-MRCP volume scanning with thin slice reconstruction, 2D-MRCP projective scanning and conventional MRI for pancreaticobiliary duct lesions were different and had their own characteristics. Conclusion: The combinations of 3D-MRCP volume scanning with thin slice reconstruction, 2D-MRCP projective scanning and conventional MRI can help to locate and diagnose pancreaticobiliary duct lesions.

A subsystem for clinical application and approval is fulfilled based on No.1 Military Medical Project system in our hospital.It is developed by PowerBuild8.0.and possesses such functions as the clinical data application,examination & approval,maintenance and statistics.It changes the low efficiency mode for paper applications transfer by handwork in our hospital.

Purpose　The aim is to optimize the liquid culture conditions of dihydropyrimidinase producing strain Pseudomonas putida 9801. Methods　Plackett-Burman design and spherical symmetric desig n were used.Results　Optimum conditions for dihydropyrimidinas e formation of Pseudomonas putida 9801 were defined:yeast extract 2.39%, Glu cose 1.81%,Uracil 0.06%,K2HPO4*3H2O 0.2%, MgCl2*6H2O 0.05%and NaCl 0 .3%,when the strain was cultured at 32℃ for 10 h,about 3.02 units/ml of hydanto inase was obtained. This value was quite consistent with the theory value(2.91 u nits/ml).Conclusion　The liquid culture conditions of dihydrop yrimidinase producing strain were optimized.