Objective:To establish a method to determine the entrapment efficiency of loratadine binary ethosomes. Methods:The gel microcolumn centrifugation method was employed to separate the free drug from loratadine binary ethosomes. The content of lorata-dine was determined by HPLC to calculate the entrapment efficiency. Results: A calibration linear curve of loratadine concentration was within the range of 10. 2-102. 0 μg·ml-1(r=0. 999 5). The average entrapment efficiencies of three batches of loratadine binary ethosomes were 86. 75%, 87. 26% and 86. 00%, respectively. Conclusion:The method is simple and rapid, and can be used to de-termine the entrapment efficiency of loratadine binary ethosomes accurately.

Objective To evaluate the effects of penehyclidine hydrochloride pretreatment on the expression of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and cell apoptosis in lung tissues in rats with endotoxin-induced acute lung injury (ALI).Methods Forty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats,weighing 220-270 g,were randomly divided into 5 groups (n =8 each) using a random number table:control group (group C),endotoxin-induced ALI group (ALI group),and penehyclidine hydrochloride 0.03,0.10,0.30 mg/kg groups (Pi-3 groups).ALI was induced with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 5 mg/kg which was injected via the caudal vein.In P1-3 groups,penehyclidine hydmchloride 0.03,0.10 and 0.30 mg/kg were injected intraperitoneally,respectively,at 1 h before LPS injection,while the equal volume of normal saline was administered in C and ALI groups.The animals were sacrificed at 4 h after ALI models were successfully established and pulmonary specimens were obtained for determination of the cell apoptosis (by TUNEL),expression of NOS mRNA (using PT-PCR),and Bcl-2 and Bax protein (by Western blot),NOS activity (using chemical colorimetry) and NO content (by using nitrate reductase method) and for examination of pathological changes (by light and electron microscopes).Apoptotic index (AI) and the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax was calculated.Results Compared with group C,NOS mRNA and Bax protein expression was significantly up-regulated,NOS activity,NO content and AI were increased,Bcl-2 protein expression was down-regulated,the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax was decreased (P ＜ 0.01),and the degree of pathological changes of the lung was aggravated in ALI and P1-3 groups.Compared with ALI and P1 groups,NOS mRNA and Bax protein expression was significantly down-regulated,NOS activity,content of NO and AI were decreased,Bcl-2 protein expression was up-regulated,the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax was increased (P ＜ 0.01),and the degree of pathological changes of the lung was alleviated in P2-3 groups.There was no significant difference in the indexes mentioned above and results of pathological changes of the lung between group ALI and group P1,and between group P2 and group P3 (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion Penehyclidine hydrochloride pretreatment ameliorates endotoxin-induced ALI by inhibiting NOS expression and cell apoptosis in rat lung tissues.

Objective To investigate the effect of dexmedetomidine on the cerebral injury in patients undergoing cardiac valve replacement under cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB).Methods Forty ASA Ⅱ or Ⅲ patients of both sexes,aged 43-64 yr,scheduled for elective cardiac valve replacement,were randomly divided into 2 groups (n =20 each):control group (group C) and dexmedetomidine group (group D).Dexmedetomidine 0.6 μg/kg was injected intravenously over 15 min before induction of anesthesia,followed by infusion at 0.2μg· kg-1 · h-1 until the end of operation in group D.While the equal volume of normal saline was given in group C.Blood samples were obtained from the radial artery and jugular bulb for blood gas analysis before CPB,immediatelv after declamping of the ascending aorta,at the end of CPB and at 6 h after operation (T1-4).The arteriovenous blood O2 difference (Da-jvO2) and cerebral O2 extraction rate (CERO2) were calculated.The plasma concentrations of S-100β and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) in the blood samples obtained from the jugular bulb were measured at T1-4 and 24 h after operation.Results Compared with group C,the jugular venous oxygen saturation was significantly increased and Da-jvO2 and CERO were decreased at T2,3,and the plasma concentrations of S100β and NSE were decreased at T2-4 in group D (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Dexmedetomidine can decrease the cerebral O2 metabolic rate and reduce the cerebral injury in patients undergoing cardiac valve replacement under CPB.

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation is the most comonly used method facing cardiac arrest.The 2010 CPR guidelines emphasized high quality chest compressions and recommended continuous compression for 2 minutes after defibrillation to minimize interruptions in compressions.However,starting chest compressions immediately after a defibrillation shock may be harmful,if the heart is providing spontaneous beats and being subjected to external compressions at the same time.So it is very important to recognize ROSC during CPR,the methods of which include touching the pulse,amplitude spectral area,partial pressure end-tidal carbon dioxide,coronary perfusion pressure,central venous oxygen saturation,chest compression fraction,regional cerebral oxygen saturation,photoplethysmography,conjunctival oxygen tension,transthoracic-impedance plethysmography and echocardiography.This paper gives a review of the ROSC prognosis and recognition methods during CPR.

Objective To explore the anti-apoptotic mechanism of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) through exam?ine the postoperative change of adiponectin levels and expressions of pancreatic islets relative apoptotic protein. Methods Sixty SD rats were randomly allocated to RYGB group (n=20), type 2 diabetes mellitus group (T2DM, n=20) and normal con?trol group (NC, n=20). Rats in the NC group were fed with normal diet. In order to make type 2 diabetic rat models, the rats in the T2DM and RYGB groups were fed with high fat diet (22.19 kJ/g) combined with administration of intraperitoneal strep?tozotocin injection (STZ, 30 mg/kg) on the 13th day of high fat diet. RYGB operation were performed in RYGB group and sham-operation were performed in the T2DM and NC groups when diabetic model was contructed. Rats were weight preoper?atively and at the 7th, 14th, 21st days after operations. Fasting plasma glucose and adiponectin (ELISA) were measured preoper?atively and at 21st day postoperatively. Protein expressions of Bcl-2,Caspase 8 and Caspase 9 in pancreatic islets were ex?amined by immunohistochemistry at the 21st day postoperatively. Results Body weights do not vary significantly among three groups preoperatively. Compared to rats in the NC group, fast plasma glucose level was higher but adiponectin was low?er in rats in RYGB and T2DM groups. Body weights of rats in RYGB group decreased significantly compared to those of rats in NC and T2DM groups postoperatively. Compared to rats in T2DM group, fasting glucose level was lower while adiponectin concentrations was higher in rats in RYGB group but no differences of these parameters were seen in rats in NC group at the 21st day postoperatively. Expression of Bcl-2 in RYGB group was significantly elevated while expressions of Caspase 8 and Caspase 9 were significantly decreased compared to those in T2DM group postoperatively. Conclusion Adiponectin levelswas elevated;expressions of Bcl-2 was increased;expressions of Caspase 8, Caspase 9 were decreased upon RYGB opera?tion in T2DM model. RYGB might reduce pancreatic islets apoptosis through mitochondrial pathway.

OBJECTIVE To study the risk factors and clinical characteristics of nosocomial infection in senile patients with acute myelogenous leukemia who received chemotherapy.METHODS Ninety-one cases of senile patients with acute myelogenous leukemia received 304 times of chemotherapy with etiological examination,to analyze the relationship between nosocomial infection and absolute neutrophil count in peripheral blood,the cellularity of the marrow and chronic systemic disorder.RESULTS All indicators of senile patients with acute myelogenous leukemia were higher than those of younger patients(P0.05).CONCLUSIONS Age,different stage of chemotherapy,the neutrocytopenia level and prolongation,and hypocellularity of bone marrow are related to the nosocomial infection in senile patients with acute myelogenous leukemia,and the chronic systemic disorder is not a risk factor.

Objective: To prepare betahistine dihydrochloride sustained-release matrix tablets. Methods: The tablets were pre-pared with water soluble HPMC matrix, and the release behaviors were investigated by single factor study. The formula and preparation procedures were optimized by orthogonal design. Results:The optimal technology was as follows:using 60% HPMC K15M as the ma-trix material, calcium hydrogen phosphate as the filler, 10% PVP in 90% alcohol as the bonding agent;wet granulation compression technique was used to prepare the tablets with the tablet weight of 500mg. The in vitro drug release fits a Higuchi equation and the drug can be sustained-released within 12 h. Conclusion:The preparation technology is simple and the tablets have sustainol release behav-ior.

This study retrospectively reviewed the experimental clinical programs at The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University. Experience was summarized, and methods for improving clinical pharmaceutical research were discussed including recruiting talent people, managing resources and trail results, and establishing international cooperations.

Objectives To investigate characterization of imipenem resistance among imipenem non susceptible Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from patients who treated without imipenem and explore risk factors of imipenem resistance.Methods From April,2006 to March,2008,a total of 37 non-susceptible to imipenem without imipenem therapy isolates were collected from affiliated 3201st Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University.The minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) to 11 antimicrobial agents were determined by the broth dilution method.We also tested imipenem MIC combined with efflux pump inhibitor PAβN.PCR was performed to check for the presence of carbapenem-hydrolylzing MBL genes and oprD gene.The expression level of oprD2 and ampC were evaluated by qRT-PCR.Molecular typing was performed using PFGE.Results There is significant difference ( t =- 2.9004,P ＜ 0.01 ) of the average number days of therapy between with two or more antibiotics in the 16 patients (20.0 ± 9.5 ) d and that with only one antibiotic in the other 21 patients ( 12.6 ± 4.4 ) d before imipenem-non-susceptible strains were isolated.In all 37 strains,32 strains showed resistance to more than three antibiotics.The MBL gene ( IMP-9 ) was only found in one strain,but its phenotype is negative,oprD2 gene from the 29 strains were found forward inserted by ISpa1328.Thirty-five isolated were considered to have no oprD expression.The patterns of the total DNA of 37 strains appeared six PFGE types.The 26 strains belonged to C2 PFGE type.In the presence of PAβN,all 37 strains increased sensitivity to meropenem.Conclusion Fluoroquinolones and cephalosporins treatment could play an important role in imipenem non-susceptible production in the research isolates.

Objective To investigate the role of hybrid bone grafting using autograft and freezedried allograft bone in restoration of acetabular bone defect,as well as to evaluate the clinical results of this grafting technique combined with acetabular scaffold in dealing with massive acetabular deficiency.Methods Between April 1999 to December 2007,18 patients (19 hips) underwent acetabular revision by using a mixture of autograft and allogenic freeze-dried cancellous bone particles plus acetabular scaffold.There were 8males and 10 females,aged from 33 to 76 years (average,64.7 years).The acetabular defects were caused by aseptic loosening of primary total hip arthroplasty in 17 patients and osteoarthritis secondary to osteotomy in 1 case of acetabular dysplasia.There were 5 cases of Paprosky Ⅱ B defect,2 Paprosky Ⅱ C defect,6 Paprosky ⅢA defect and 6 Paprosky ⅢB defect.Results All patients were followed up for 3.6 to 12.3 years (average,6.5 years).Harris hip score improved from preoperative 38.7±9.6 to 87.6±7.8 at final follow-up.According to X-rays,bone incorporation evidenced by trabecular bridging of the host-donor interface was found at 3to 6 months postoperatively,and effective bone incorporation was achieved in all cases one year postoperatively.Polyethylene wear occurred in one case.Acetabular component loosening was not found at final follow up.Conclusion Impacted bone grafting using a mixture of autograft and freeze-dried allograft bone can efficiently restore acetabular bone defect.Adding autograft bone to freeze-dried allograft bone is a highly effective way of achieving graft incorporation.Hybrid bone grafting technique with acetabulum scaffold is an attractive option for the treatment of extensive acetabular deficiency.