Objective To investigate the average serum level and risk factors of serum cystatin C in Chinese healthy adults.Methods A total of 15 918 healthy adults who received health assessments in Peking Union Medical College Hospital during January 2012 and March 2013 were enrolled in this crosssection study.Serum cystatin C was measured.Estimated glomerular filtration rate was calculated by creatinine (eGFRcr).Multivariable linear regression analysis was used to assess factors that contribute to cystatin C variability.Results The mean serum cystatin C level was (0.79 ±0.14) mg/L (95％ reference interval (RI) was 0.56-1.08 mg/L).Male showed significantly higher cystatin C level than female (mean (0.84 ±0.13) vs (0.73 ±0.13) mg/L; RI 0.64-1.11 mg/L and 0.54-1.03 mg/L,respectively; P=0.000).Differences between genders are still significant after subgrouped by age.In the young-age group (age≤44 years old),the mean serum cystatin C level was (0.81 ±0.11)mg/L in male and (0.68 ±0.09)mg/L in female,P =0.000.In the middle-age group (45-59 years old),the mean cystatin C level was (0.85 ±0.12) mg/L in male and (0.75 ±0.12) mg/L in female,P =0.000.In the elderly group (≥60 yrs),the mean serum cystatin C level was (0.97 ±0.18) mg/L in male and (0.89 ±0.19) mg/L in female,P =0.000.Serum cystain C was increased with ages (in male:r =0.274,P =0.000 ; in femal,r =0.470,P =0.000).Differences between each two age groups are all significant for both gender,P =0.000.Cystatin C level in male is respectively (0.81 ±0.ll)mg/L,(0.85 ±0.12) mg/L and (0.97 ± 0.18) mg/L in the young-age,middle-age and elderly group.Cystatin C level in female is respectively (0.68 ±0.09) mg/L,(0.75 ±0.12) mg/L and (0.89 ±0.19) mg/L in the young-age,middle-age and elderly group.Male gender,older age,lower body weight,lower eGFRcr,lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,lower fasting blood glucose,increased mean blood pressure,higher body mass index and triglyceride were significantly associated with increased serum cystatin C level.Body weight,total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were not risk factors of cystatin C.Conclusion Serum cystatin C level may be influenced by gender,age and other factors in Chinese healthy adults.

ObjectiveTo explore the accuracy of judging the T-staging of rectal cancer by biplane transrectal ultrasound.MethodsPathological enteroscopic biopsy was carried out for 197 cases of rectal cancer.Cases of middle and lower rectal cancer without serious obstruction were examined by means of transrectal biplane ultrasound through which to observe the changes of the echoes and to detect the depth of the infiltration in the intestinal walls and the presence of invasions in prostate glands,seminal in male or vesicles,uterine cervix in female.On the basis of the findings,the preoperative tumor staging was made.Postoperatively,the ultrasound results were compared with the pathological examination.Their consistency was evaluated by using Kappa test.ResultsTransrectal biplane ultrasound examination showed the total accuracy rate in T-staging of rectal cancer was as high as 83.8％ with the diagnostic sensitivity rate for T1to T4 as 77.8 ％,73.1％,89.3％ and 94.4％,while its diagnostic specificity rate degree was 97.3％,93.1 ％,85.1 ％,97.8％ respectively,The k -value was 0.732 which suggested that the ultrasound staging was highly consistent with the pathological staging(P＜0.05).ConclusionsTransrectal biplane ultrasound has a great value in the preoperative T-staging of rectal cancer and is helpful in the planning of treatment.

AIM:To compare the analgesic efficacy and safety of intravenous morphine or epidural morphine combined with bupivacaine in postoperative children.METHODS:48 children scheduled for selective inferior belly or lower limb surgery under general anaesthesia or epidural anesthesia for ASA I or II,age from 3 to 10 years old,were randomly divided into 3 groups(n=16 each).Group A was given intravenous morphine for postoperative analgesia,group B was given epidural morphine in combination with bupivacaine,group C was given nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs orally or pethidine intramuscularly in need as the control group.When the patients were fully awake in the recovery area,heart rate(HR),blood pressure,peripheral oxygen saturation(SpO2),respiratory rate and pain were recorded at 2,4,8,12,24 and 48 h postoperatively,side-effects were also noted.Pain was assessed using an objective pain score(OPS).RESULTS:There was no significant difference of OPS between group A and B,and the efficacy and duration of analgesia in group A and B were significantly better than those in group C(P

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of multiple-trough sampling design and nonlinear mixed effect modeling (NONMEM) algorithm on the estimation of population and individual pharmacokinetic parameters. Oxcarbazepine and tacrolimus were used as one-compartment and two-compartment model drugs, respectively. Seven sampling designs were investigated using various number of trough concentrations per individual ranging from 1-4. Monte Carlo simulations were performed to produce state-steady trough concentrations. One-compartment model was used to fit simulated data from oxcarbazepine and tacrolimus. The accuracy and precision of the estimated parameters were evaluated using the median prediction error (PE), the median absolute PE and boxplot. The results indicated that trough concentrations could yield reliable estimates of apparent clearance (CL/F). For oxcarbazepine, as the number of trough concentrations per subject increased, the accuracy and precision of CL/F, between-subject variability (BSV) of CL/F and residual variability (RUV) tended to be improved. For tacrolimus, however, although no improvement were observed in the accuracy of CL/F and BSV of CL/F, the PE distribution ranges were significantly narrowed and the RUV estimates were less bias and imprecise. In terms of algorithm, Monte Carlo importance sampling (IMP) and IMP assisted by mode a posteriori estimation (IMPMAP) were consistently better than other methods. Additionally, the sampling design had no significant effects on the individual parameter estimates, which were only depended on the interaction between BSV and RUV in various algorithms. Decreased in BSV and RUV levels can improve the accuracy and precision of the estimation for both population and individual pharmacokinetic parameter estimates.
Algorithms ; Bayes Theorem ; Carbamazepine ; analogs & derivatives ; pharmacokinetics ; Humans ; Immunosuppressive Agents ; pharmacokinetics ; Models, Biological ; Monte Carlo Method ; Nonlinear Dynamics ; Regression Analysis ; Tacrolimus ; pharmacokinetics

AIM: To study the effect of decanoyl acetaldehyde against atherosclerosis and the relative mechanisms in rats.METHODS: Rats were randomly assigned into 5 groups,That were the control,model,low and high dose of decanoyl acetaldehyde and ibuprofen groups.The model rats were intraperitoneally injected with 600 000 IU/kg vitamine Ds and intragastricly administrated with high-fat emulsion 10 mL/( kg·d) for 70 days.At the same time,the model rats treated with drugs were orally given 39 mg/( kg·d),78 mg/( kg·d) decanoyl acetaldehyde and 144 mg/( kg·d) ibuprofen suspension respectively.After 70 days,the rats were euthakilled,and the serum level of TC,LDL-C,HDL-C/LDL-C ,TNF-α,IL-1β,IL-6,IL-10,the expression of NF-κB in rat aorta and the pathological change in aorta were measured.RESULTS: Decanoyl acetaldehyde could lower the serum level of TC,LDL-C,TNF-α,IL-1β and IL-6.It increased the level of IL-10 and the ratio of HDL-C/LDL-C,inhibited the expression of NF-κB and reduced the thickness of the artery wall.CONCLUSION : Decanoyl acetaldehyde has an effect on anti-atherosclerosis.The mechanism may be related with inhibiting inflammation and lowering serum lipid.

AIM:To study the effect of decanoyl acetaldehyde against atherosclerosis and the relative mechanisms in rats.METHODS:Rats were randomly assigned into 5 groups,That were the control,model,low and high dose of decanoyl acetaldehyde and ibuprofen groups.The model rats were intraperitoneally injected with 600 000 IU/kg vitamine D_3 and intragastricly administrated with high-fat emulsion 10 mL/(kg?d)for 70 days.At the same time,the model rats treated with drugs were orally given 39 mg/(kg?d),78 mg/(kg?d)decanoyl acetaldehyde and 144 mg/(kg?d)ibuprofen suspension respectively.After 70 days,the rats were euthakilled,and the serum level of TC,LDL-C,HDL-C/LDL-C,TNF-?,IL-1?,IL-6,IL-10,the expression of NF-?B in rat aorta and the pathological change in aorta were measured.RESULTS:Decanoyl acetaldehyde could lower the serum level of TC,LDL-C,TNF-?,IL-1? and IL-6.It increased the level of IL-10 and the ratio of HDL-C/LDL-C,inhibited the expression of NF-?B and reduced the thickness of the artery wall.CONCLUSION:Decanoyl acetaldehyde has an effect on anti-atherosclerosis.The mechanism may be related with inhibiting inflammation and lowering serum lipid.

This article refers to constructing process of non-contact life parameter detecting system by twin-antenna. The technology above proves feasible through pilot study of restraining environmental interference by donkey antenna. A new method for solving the problem of environmental interference of non-contact life parameter detecting system is also presented.

This article refers to design of signal preprocessing software in the non-contact life parameters detection system,gives details about the composing of software and actualization method of every part,and lists correlative parameters and results.The experiments show that the parameters of this software accord with designed requirements.The software can make high quality signals available for display and process.

Objective To establishthe sensitivity indexes system for estimating nursing quality which conforms to China's national conditions and have the certain representative among the whole country. Methods After usingStructure-process-outcome as the theoretical framework and surveying the literatures domestic and abroad,a total of 42 nursing management experts from 30 provinces were consulted by the Delphi method,including symposium and two rounds of questionnaire consultation. Results The authority coefficient of the two rounds consultation were 0.89 and 0.91,familiarity coefficient were 0.86 and 0.88 respectively,and the coordination coefficient of expert opinion were 0.20 and 0.25. The sensitivity indexes system for estimating nursing qualityconsists of two level index systems,which were divided into three first level indexes and seven second level indexes. The first level index in-cluded nursing manpower allocation,nursing safety and nursing events,while the second level index includes nurse-inpatient ratio,accuracy rate of identification,the number of medication error events,the number of blood transfusion error events,the number of specimen error events,the number of drug extravasation events and high-risk patient falls (falling bed) incidence. Conclusion The results of this study are reliable. There is a clear definition and interpreta-tion of sensitivity indexes for estimating nursing quality and index monitoring is operable.

Objective To determine the potential value of imaging for spinal tuberculosis. Methods 180 patients proved as spinal tuberculosis by operation or clinical follow who underwent X-ray film, CT and MRI were reviewed. They were classified A, B or C in term of imaging and clinical symptom. A was the normal of X- ray film and positive of CT or MRI. B was positive of X-ray film, CT and MRI. C was with the neurological symptoms. Results 40 patients ( 40/180 ) were categorized as A . They had short duration (