Objective To investigate the effect of ginsenoside on degeneration of learning and memory in aged mice and the mechanism. Method Eighty female C57BL/6J mice aged 20-mo were randomly divided into control group and three ginsenoside treatment groups at dosage of 25,50,100 mg/(kg bw?d) respectively by drinking. In addition, 20 female C57BL/6J mice aged 3 mo were used to be young control group. Eight mo later, the learning and memory abilities of the mice were checked by Morris water maze. Thereafter, the mice were killed by decapitation,and their serum was collected to determine the level of SOD, GSH-Px and MDA. Hippocampal morphology was examined by Nissl stain; and the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in hippocampus was studied using Western blot method. Results 50,100 mg/(kg bw?d) ginsenosides administration could significantly shorten the escape latency of the aged mice in Morris water maze. Furthermore,the alleviated oxidative stress and up-regulated expression of BDNF were observed in 50, 100 (mg/kg?d) ginsenosides groups compared with aged control group. Serum level of GSH-Px was higher in 25 (mg/kg bw?d) ginsenosides group compared to that of aged control group. The number of Nissl-positive cell had no significant difference between all groups. Conclusion 50,100 mg/(kg bw?d) ginsenoside can significantly delay the degeneration of learning and memory in aged mice by lowering oxidative damage and up-regulating BDNF expression in hippocampus.

Objective To establish a euglycemic clamp technique in beagle dogs. Methods The euglycemic clamp technique was applied in healthy beagle dogs and the blood glucose, insulin, C-peptide, insulin and glucagon were monitored during the clamp. Results The blood glucose was controlled within the basal level.The coefficient of variation was less than 5% during the clamp. The serum insulin concentration finally reached(40.0±3.8)mIU/L stably and a significant inhibition was shown in endogenous insulin by the determination of C-peptide. But there was no significant increase in serum glucagon compared with basal values.Conclusion Methodology confirmed that the euglycemic clamp technique is successful in beagle dogs and can be applied in the study of pharmacodynamics of insulin preparations.

Objective To compare the effects and cost of peripheral intravenous catheter (PIV) and peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) on very low birth weight infants (VLBWI).Methods From July 2013 to August 2015,95 VLBWI with PICC (PICC group) and 90 VLBWI with PIV (PIV group) admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) of Changzhi Maternal and Child Care Hospital were included in the analysis.The two groups were compared in body mass increase,average length of hospital stay,incidence of catheter-related complications,and care cost and effect.Results The body mass increase per weak was higher in the PICC group than in the PIV group,with statistically significant difference (P ＜ 0.05).The average length of hospital stay in the PICC group was shorter than that in the PIV group [(48.2 ± 5.2) d vs.(53.2 ± 8.1) d,P ＜ 0.05].The incidence of catheter-related complications was lower in the PICC group than in the PIV group (35.4％ vs.44.9％),including phlebitis (PICC group,21 person-times;PIV group,169 person-times),liquid leakage or exosmose (PICC group,2 person-times;PIV group,185 person-times),and catheter prolapse (PICC group,3 person-times;PIV group,145 person-times) with statistically significant differences (all P ＜ 0.05),and catheter blockage (PICC group,7 person-times;PIV group,84 person-times) and other complications such as venous embolism and infection (PICC group,1 person-time;PIV group,3 person-times) with no statistically significant differences (all P ＞ 0.05).The average monthly cost in the PICC group (1 951.5 yuan) was lower than that in the PIV group (2 008.5 yuan),and the cost of single insertion in the PICC group (1 691.5 yuan) was higher than that in the PIV group (129.9 yuan),the cost-effectiveness was better in the PICC group than in the PIV group (30.22 vs.36.45).Conclusions For VLBWI,PICC can reduce the times of venous puncture,the incidence of complications,and promote body mass increase.However,the monthly cost was similar between the two groups in this study,possibly because of the short-time of this study.The advantages in cost-effectiveness of PICC may become more prominent when the catheter dwelling time extends.

Objective To investigate the independent risk factors of cerebral white matter lesions (WML) of different degrees in the elderly aged 80 years and over,and provide the evidences for forecasting the prognosis of WML.Methods Brain magnetic resonance images (MRI) findings in 151 people aged 74 to 93 years were collected and analyzed.According to the severity of WML in brain MRI using the Fazekas Scale,the persons were divided into non-WML (control) group,mildWML (grade 1 WML) group and moderate-to-severe WML (grade 2 WML) group.The cognitive score,vascular risk factors,cerebral hemodynamic and arteriosclerotic index,and radiological features were compared among the three groups.Subsequent one-way ANOVA and multivariate logistic analysis were performed to determine the statistically significant factors and the independent risk factors among groups.Results The statistically significant factors with one-way ANOVA analysis among the three groups were cognitive performance (F = 48.595,P = 0.000),hypertension (x2 =7.052,P=0.029),cigarette history (x2 = 19.476,P= 0.000),cholesterol (TC) (F= 3.086,P=0.049),Crouse score (F=3.968,P=0.021) and multiple cerebral atrophy indexes.When compared with control group,cigarette history (OR 2.031,95%CI 1.244-1.317),lacunar infarction (LI)numbers (OR 2.031,95%CI 1.316-4.015) and cholesterol (OR 1.610,95%CI 0.972-2.668) were independent risk factors in grade 1 WML group (all P＜0.05).The independent risk factors between grade 1 and 2 WML group were cognitive performance (OR 0.276,95%CI 0.143-0.532),cigarette history (OR 2.262,95% CI 1.260-4.059),and sylvian fissure ratio (SFR) (OR 1.954,95% CI 1.013-3.768) (all P＜0.05).The independent risk factors between the grade 2 WML group and control group were cognitive performance (OR 0.091,95%CI 0.030-0.273),bicoudate ratio (BCR)(OR 2.511,95%CI 1.147-5.499),Crouse score (OR 2.304,95%CI1.127-4.712)and LI numbers (OR 2.200,95%CI 1.028-4.707) (all P＜0.05).Conclusions Mild WML patients have no significant abnormalities in cognition,brain atrophy and cerebral atherosclerosis.Moderate to severe WML patients manifest remarkable cognitive disorder,cerebral atherosclerosis and brain atrophy.Compared with the controls,cognitive performance,BCR,Crouse score,LI numbers were the independent risk factors for moderate-severe WML patients.

Streptozotocin-induced diabetic model was prepared in Wistar rats and the blood glucose levels were controlled at 3 levels of＜10,10-14 mmol/L or＞16.7 mmol/L by insulin,and changes of glucose transporter(GLUT)1 and 3 protein expressions of brain were observed in control rats and diabetic rats with different blood glucose levels by immunohistochemistry.The results showed that chronic hyperglycemia could decrease the protein expressions of GLUT 1 and GLUT3.

Objective To observe the effects of statins on ATP-binding cassette transporter 1(ABCA1) gene expression in neurons and astrocytes.Methods Primary human astrocytes and neuron cell line HCN-2 were incubated with simvastatin and pravastatin at different concentrations and under different conditions.Using RNA isolated from the cultured cells,we performed quantitative PCR to measure the ABCA1 gene expression in astrocytes and neurons.The protein expression of ABCA1 was measured by Western blot.Results The two statins significantly decreased the ABCA1 gene and protein expressions.Compared with pravastatin,simvastatin significantly reduced the expression of ABCA1 in neurons and astrocytes by 95% and 75%,respectively(both P

Objective To investigate Anti-aging function of Placenta freeze-dried powder on mice. Method 2 month old female-KM mice were divided into five groups:normal control group, aging model group, positive control group, placenta freeze-dried powder low dose group and high dose group. Except normal control group,the rest of groups were treated with method of subcutaneous continuous injection of D-galactose for 42 days in order to establish mice aging model. Meanwhile, the corresponding drugs, via intragastric administration, were ingested by different treated groups and observe the change of immunity and physiological regulation related in mice. Results Compared with aging model group, thymus index and spleen index in placenta freeze-dried powder low dose group and high dose group increased obviously (P<0.05), content of MDA in brain decreased significantly (P<0.05), proportion of CD 4 and CD 8 lymphocyte in total lymphocyte, female hormone(P and E 2), IgG and haemopoietic factor in peripheral blood increased remarkably. Conclusion Placenta freeze-dried powder could slow the aging process on mice via immunity enhancement and improving physical regulation.

ObjectiveTo observe the effect of rehabilitation on fractures around knee treated with external fixation.Methods48 cases with the fractures around knee who accepted early rehabilitation after external fixation had been observed for 0.5～4 years.ResultsAll the cases came up to clinical healing standards within 7 months. According to Kolmert's standard, the rate of fine and good was 89.6%.ConclusionThere was satisfactory outcome treating fractures around knee with external fixation. Early rehabilitation is important to avoid the knee joint rigor.

CDKs proteins are a kind of cell cycle protein-dependent kinases, which serve as important roles in controlling cell division and transcriptional stages. Among them, CDK9, as a key regulator responsible for the transcriptional elongation of cells, drives the development of various malignant cells and is considered as an important target in the field of anti-tumor drug development. However, the CDK family proteins feature high conservativeness and similarity in structure, leading to the poor selectivity and severe side effects for traditional small-molecular CDK9 inhibitors, which has limited their clinical applications. In view of this, there is an urgent need to investigate CDK9 targets through a novel strategy. The PROTAC is an emerging drug discovery strategy that the degrader could specifically recognize the target protein through indirect linkage with ubiquitin ligases and ultimately eliminate the target protein through the ubiquitination degradation system. This paper provides a brief overview of the structure and function of CDK9 protein, its relationship with the poor prognosis of clinical diseases, as well as the currently reported small molecular inhibitors. The latest research progress on the targeted degradation of CDK9 protein based on PROTAC technology is highlighted. Finally, the development prospects of this target protein in this novel technology field are summarized and prospected, aiming to provide a reference for the development of antitumor drugs in this direction.