Objective To explore the distribution and development characters of the accidental injury and death in urban residents in Chifeng city.Method The data came from the annals of death caused by illness or injury and of the demography of the residents from Hongshan district of the Chifeng city(urban area),Ningcheng county(rural area) and Balin You Banner(pasturing area) during 2001-2003.The causes of the death were classified with ICD-9.Results The mortality of the accidental injury during 2001-2003 were 14.17/100 000 in urban area,48.13/100 000 in rural area and 38.02/100 000 in pasturing area,respectively;and which accounted for 5.63%,10.42% and 9.83% of the total deaths,respectively.The death caused by accidental injury ranked the top 5th in urban and rural areas,and the 4th in pasturing area.The main cause for the potential life losing was traffic accidents of the motor vehicles for men and suicides for women.The mortality of the accidental injury in urban and rural residents of over 20 s yrs was higher,and it was higher in male that in female.Conclusion The main causes for the death of the residents in Chifeng city were traffic accidents,suicides and accidental poisoning.It is necessary to adopt correspond measures and make prevention for it according to the epidemic and different ages and sex characters.

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of hypertension in Chifeng.Methods 6 015 subjects aged over 15 years old were selected with stratified randomized sampling.The history of hypertension and social-economic status were investigated by face-to-face interview and blood pressure,body height,body weight and waistline were measured at the same time.Results The prevalence of hypertension in Chifeng was 28.5%.The age-adjusted prevalence was 19.09%.Thereinto,the prevalence of hypertension in urban area,rural area,pasturing area were 23.15%,19.85%,32.03%,respectively.The Hypertension prevalence in male was increased with age.The prevalence in male was higher than in female among people who lived in urban and pasturing area(P0.05).The prevalence were higher in illiterate person and semiliterate than people in other educational level(P

Objective To study the relationship between parameter settings in the intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) planning in order to explore the effect of parameters on absolute dose verification.Methods Forty-three esophageal carcinoma cases were optimized with Pinnacle 7.6c by experienced physicist using appropriate optimization parameters and dose constraints with a number of iterations to meet the clinical acceptance criteria.The plans were copied to water-phantem,0.13 cc ion Farmer chamber and DOSE1 dosimeter was used to measure the absolute dose.The statistical data of the parameters of beams for the 43 cases were collected,and the relationships among them were analyzed.The statistical data of the dosimetry error were collected,and comparative analysis was made for the relation between the parameters of beams and ion chamber absolute dose verification results.Results The parameters of beams were correlated among each other.Obvious affiliation existed between the dose accuracy and parameter settings.When the beam segment number of IMRT plan was more than 80,the dose deviation would be greater than 3％ ; however,if the beam segment number was less than 80,the dose deviation was smaller than 3％.When the beam segment number was more than 100,part of the dose deviation of this plan was greater than 4％.On the contrary,if the beam segment number was less than 100,the dose deviation was smaller than 4％ definitely.Conclusions In order to decrease the absolute dose verification error,less beam angles and less beam segments are needed and the beam segment number should be controlled within the range of 80.

Objective With the Monte Carlo method to recaleulate the IMRT dose distributions from four TPS to provide a platform for independent comparison and evaluation of the plan quality.These results wiU help make a clinical decision as which TPS will be used for prostate IMRT planning.Methods Eleven prostate cancer cases were planned with the Corvus,Xio,Pinnacle and Eclipse TPS.The plans were recalculated bv Monte Cado using leaf sequences and MUs for individual plans.Dose-volume-histograms and isodose distributions were compared.Other quantities such as Dmin(the minimum dose received by 99% of CTV/PTV),Dmax(the maximum dose received by 1%of CTV/PTV),V110%,V105%,V95%(the volume of CTV/PTV receiving 110%,105%.95% of the prescription dose),the volume of rectum and bladder receiving>65 Gy and>40 Gy,and the volume of femur receiving>50 Gy were evaluated.Total segments and MUs were also compared.Results The Monte Carlo results agreed with the dose distributions from the TPS to within 3%/3 mm.The Xio,Pinnacle and Eclipse plans show less target dose heterogeneity and lower V65 and V40 for the rectum and bladder compared to the Corvus plans.The PTV Dmin is about 2 Gy lower for Xio plans than others while the Corvus plans have slightly lower female head V50(0.03%and 0.58%)than others.The Corvus plans require significantly most segments(187.8)and MUs(1264.7)to deliver and the Pinnacle plans require fewest segments(82.4)and MUs(703.6).Conclusions We have tested an independent Monte Carlo dose catculation system for dose reconstruction and plan evaluation.This system provides a platform for the fair comparison and evaluation of treatment plans to facilitate clinical decision making in selecting a TPS and beam delivery system for particular treatment sites.

Objective To evaluate the safety, efficacy and local control effect of CT- guided radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in treating non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) that is inoperable or the surgical treatment is refused by the patient. Methods Between March 2007 and March 2010 at authors’ hospital, a total of 68 procedures of CT-guided RFA were carried out in 60 patients with early stage NSCLC. The patients included 37 males and 23 females with a mean age of 68.5 years. Pathologically, the lesions included squamous cell carcinoma (n=23, 38.3%), adenocarcinoma (n=31, 51.7%), large cell carcinoma (n=2, 3.3%) and adeno-squamous carcinoma (n=4, 6.7%). The mean diameter of the lesions was 3.8 cm (1.8-6.8 cm). The overall survival rate, cancer-specific survival rate and local progression-free survival rate were evaluated. Results RFA procedure was well tolerated by all patients with an average ablation time of 35 min (18-63 min). The main intraprocedural complication was pneumothorax (n=17, 28.3%). No death occurred during perioperative period. The median local progression-free survival time was 28 months, the median survival time was 32 months, and the one-, 2- and 3-year local progression-free survival rate were 94.6%, 83.1%and 73.6%, respectively. Conclusion For patients with inoperable NSCLC and patients with NSCLC who refuse to receive surgery, CT-guided RFA is a safe and effective treatment. This therapy can significantly improve the local progression-free survival rate.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to explore the protective factors of demoralization in cancer patients via investigation of cancer patients' demographic and disease characteristics. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study. We used a structured questionnaire, which contained items on demographic and disease characteristics, as well as the Demoralization Scale Mandarin Version (DS-MV), with a cutoff of 30 or more indicating high demoralization. Data were analyzed with age-matched and gender-matched conditional logistic regression analysis. For the study, 428 questionnaires were delivered and 411 were recovered. After being age-matched and gender-matched, 182 participants of high demoralization (DS-MV > 30) and low demoralization (DS-MV ≤ 30) were obtained respectively, for a total of 364 participants. RESULTS: Cancer patients' demoralization was significantly related to family support (p = .019), education (p = .049), and monthly income (p = .001). Family support [odds ratio = 0.38; p = .028; 95% confidence interval (0.16, 0.91)] and monthly income [odds ratio = 0.49; p = .009; 95% confidence interval (0.29, 0.84)] were protective factors of demoralization in cancer patients. CONCLUSION: Early and appropriate demoralization assessment of cancer patients' demographic and disease characteristics is very important in clinical settings. Healthcare providers might regularly monitor demoralization in cancer patients, and develop related nursing care guidelines or treatment for demoralization in cancer patients. The study results can be a reference for healthcare providers who work with cancer patients.
Education ; Health Personnel ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Nursing Care ; Odds Ratio ; Protective Factors* ; Taiwan*

Objective:To study the immunotherapy effects of different doses of human peripheral blood γδT cells on human hepatoma cells (SMMC-7721) xenograft model.Methods: (1)The nude mouse model of liver cancer was established by inoculated BALB/c mouse subcutaneous with human hepatoma cell line (SMMC-7721).(2)The mononuclear cells in healthy human were extracted from peripheral blood,and specific amplification γδT cells in vitro.(3) The nude mouse model divided into 5 groups by random.The positive control group was 5-Fu,negative control group was normal saline(NS).The treatment group was injected different doses of γδT cells(1×105,5×105 and 25×105)by nude mice tail vein.The positive control group injected 5-Fu by enterocoelia,negative control group injected NS by tail veins.The inhibition effect of different dose γδT cells on tumor was observed,including weight,food intake and growth conditions,etc.and the changes of tumor volume (TV),relative tumor volume (RTV)and relative tumor appreciation rate[T/C(%)] were compared with positive control group and negative control group.Results: Different dose of γδT cells had different degree of inhibition on nude mouse xenograft growth.RTV compared with saline negative control group was statistically significant (P<0.05).Compared with the positive control group of 5-Fu,the TV growth was significantly lower than the 5-Fu,degree of inhibition was similar in RTV each dose group,and all slightly higher than the 5-Fu positive control group.The each dose group of T/C (%)was slightly lower than the relative tumor proliferation rate of the control group of 5-Fu,but had no significant difference.Conclusion: The γδT cells from peripheral blood had significant inhibitory effect on nude mice transplanted liver tumor and it may be used as a new treatment for liver cancer immunotherapy provide experimental data.

ObjectiveTo evaluate correlation factors of cervical lymph nodes metastasis in thoracic esophageal carcinoma.MethodsLocal-regional metastasis of lymph node for 126 cases with esophageal squamous cell cancer after surgery from 2004 to 2009 were reviewed.Risk factors of cervical lymph nodes metastasis were examined by multiple Logistic regression analysis.ResultsIn 126 cases,supraclavicular lymph node metastasis rate was 43.7％ (55/126).By logistic regression,none of the primary site,T stage,N stage,histological grade,lymph node metastasis rate,lymph node metastasis degree and number of lymph nodes metastatic field was not the high risk of cervical lymph nodes metastasis.In addition,multivariate analysis found that lymph node metastasis in mediastinum region 1 was high risk factor for lymph node metastasis of region 1 ( x2 =12.14,9.27,P =0.000,0.002),lymph node metastasis in region Ⅲ and region 2 were high risk factors for lymph node metastasis of region Ⅱa ( x2 =14.56,8.27,8.02,3.93,P =0.000,0.004,0.005,0.047 ).ConclusionMediastinal para-recurrent nerve lymph node metastasis is a significant predictor for cervical lymph nodes metastasis.

Objective To evaluate the optimized conformal and IMRT plans for the upper esophageal carcinoma. Methods Eight patients with upper esophageal carcinoma underwent CT simulation.GTV was contoured on the CT image,referring the esophagogram and endoscopy simuhaneously,then CTV and PTV were also defined using the same criteria.Different conformal radiotherapy plans consisting of 3 fields(F),4F or 6F,IMRT plans consisting of 3F,4F,5F,7F,9F or 11F,and a simplified IMRT(s-IMRT)plan were designed for these patients.The minimum prescription dose that 95%of PTV volume received was 6000 cGy.Dose distributions of the PTV and OARs in different 3 DCRT and IMRT plans were compared and the optimized plans for the upper esophageal carcinoma were then recommended. Resuits Dose and volume parameters of PTV were similar among the 3DCRT plans(P＞0.05).4F 3DCRT plan reduced lung V20 as compared to 6F plan(P＜0.05),and mean lung dose(MLD)of 3F and 6F 3DCRT plans were higher than that of4F plan(P＜0.05).PTV D100 of 3F IMRT plan was lower than that of 9F and 11F plans(P＜0.05).IV of 4F IMRT plan was larger than that of 9F and 11F IMRT plans(P＜0.05).PTV dose and volume parameters of the 9F IMRT and 1 1 F IMRT were similar comparing with 5F.7F and s-IMRT plans,and OARs dose was also similar among IMRT plans(P＞0.05).PTV CI,D100,D95,V100 and V95 of the 4F 3DCRT plan were all lower than those of 5F,7F and s-IMRT plans(P＜0.05).5F,7F and s-IMRT plans reduced lung V20 as compared to 4F 3DCRT plan(P＜0.05).Conclusions For the upper esophageal carcinoma.4F 3DCRT plan is recommended among the 3DCRT plans.5F.7F and s-IMRT plans are recommended among the IMRT plans,which are superior than 4F 3 DCRT plan.

Objective To evaluate the variance and the concordance between the tumor length measured by CT scans and that measured by surgical specimens in esophageal carcinoma. Methods Fiftytwo surgical specimens of the esophageal carcinoma were made into pathological giant section.The shrinkage ratio of tumor was calculated by comparing the length of the specimen fixed by formalin for 24 h and that measured during the operation.One hundred and thirty-seven patients with esophageal carcinoma underwent spiral CT scan before the surgery,and the length of the gross tumor volume was obtained.After the tumor length of the fixed specimen had been measured,the real tumor length in situ was calculated using the shrinkage ratio.Then the variance and the concordance between the tumor length in CT scans and that in situ were compared.Results The mean shrinkage ratio was 90%±10%.The mean tumor length in CT scans was longer than that in situ(5.8 am±2.4 cm vs 4.1 cm±1.8 cm,P=9.68,P=0.000).The concordance of the length measured by the two methods was 40.9%(56/137). Conclusions A certain variance existed between the tumor length in CT images and that computed from surgical specimen in esophageal carcinoma.The results of esophagography and endoscopy should also be referred to delineate the gross tumor volume of esophageal carcinoma.