OBJECTIVE:To provide information for future development of pharmaceutical industry.METHODS:The pay output rates of pharmaceutical industry were compared between China and America as well as Japan.RESULTS:The present situation and relative position of pay output in Chinese pharmaceutical industry were made clear.CONCLUSION:According to the pay comparative analysis result,we should raise technology structure,product structure and industry structure.On the basis of that,we can get long-term advantage.

Objective To investigate whether Shenfu(SF) injection has protective effect on circulation function in infants undergoing cardio-pulmonary bypass.Methods Thirty-six patients within 3 years old with congenital heart disease were randomly divided into SF injection group(n=18) and control group(n=18).The SF group were treated with 1 mL/kg SF intravenous injection after inducing of anesthesia,the control group were infused with 1 mL/kg saline intravenously.The changes of hemodynamics during surgery,time needed for sinus rhythm emerging on electrocardiogram(ECG) after arteriae aotra patency dose of vaso-active drugs intra-and postoperatively and recovery time during postoperative period were observed.Results In SF group,mean artery pressure(MAP) was higher and heart rate(HR),central venous pressure(CVP) lower than control group(P

Child ; Child Day Care Centers ; Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic ; epidemiology ; prevention & control ; Male ; Nematode Infections ; epidemiology ; prevention & control ; Prevalence

Objective To compare the 96-week efficacy of de novo combination therapy with lamivudine ( LAM ) and adefovir dipivoxil (ADV) to that of optimization monotherapy for chronic hepatitis B (CHB).Methods A total of 155 CHB patients were collected from the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University during 2007 and 2009.All patients were randomly assigned to LAM monotherapy group ( n =53 ),ADV monotherapy group ( n =50 ) or LAM with ADV combination group ( n =52 ) according to randomized digital table.The liver and kidney functions,HBV serum markers,and HBV DNA loads were tested every 24 weeks.If patients in LAM or ADV group had poor response or virological breakthrough,they were given optimized therapy with ADV or LAM at week 24,48 or 72.One-way ANOVA (normal distribution and homoscedasticity ) and non-parametric test (non-normal distribution ) were performed to compare measurement data among groups.The impact factors of early virological response were analyzed by binary Logistic regression method.Results At week 24,the complete virological responses in LAM group,ADV group,and LAM + ADV group were 66.0％ ( 35/53 ),34.0％ ( 17/50 ) and 90.4％ ( 47/52 ),respectively (x2 =35.282,P ＜ 0.01 ) ; while,at week 96 the complete virological responses in three groups were96.2％ (51/53),86.0％ (43/50) and 100.0％ (52/52),respectively (x2 =19.115,P＞0.05).At week 96,the cumulative recover rates of ALT in LAM group,ADV group,and LAM + ADV group were 86.8％ (46/53),82.0％ (41/50)and 94.2％ (49/52),respectively (x2 =3.613,P ＞0.05);however,the ALT levels in three groups were statistically different (x2 =11.195,P ＜ 0.01 ).At week 96,the HBeAg seroconversion rates in LAM group,ADV group,and LAM + ADV group were 31.3％ ( 10/32),20.7％ ( 6/29 ) and 38.7％ ( 12/31 ),respectively (x2 =2.313,P ＞ 0.05 ).Early virological response was not found in I patient in LAM group and 19 patients in ADV group; virological breakthrough occurred in 11 patients in LAM group and 1 patient in ADV group.All patients in LAM + ADV group had early virological responses and had no virological breakthrough.Logistic regression showed that complete virological response at week 24 was correlated with the baseline HBeAg,the initial treatment and HBV DNA load.Layered evaluation showed that there were significant differences in early complete virological responses among three groups for patients with positive HBeAg,HBV DNA ＞ 6.28 × 106 copies/mL and ALT ≤5 ×ULN (x2 =7.726,10.921 and6.100,P＜0.05 or ＜0.01) ; for those with HBV DNA ＞6.28 × 106copies/mL,complete virological response was not observed in ADV group treated for 24 weeks.Conclusion LAM combined with ADV has stronger antiviral activity,lower resistance rate and can improve liver function and virological response,especially for the patients with HBeAg-positive,high HBV DNA loads and ALT ≤5 × ULN.

Objective To conduct targeted surveillance of nosocomial infections in intensive care units(ICU)to provide reference for comprehensive infection control . Methods All the 374 patients treated in ICU in 2013 were investigated by targeted surveillance methods .Results A total of 82 episodes of nosocomial infections were identified in 62 (16 .6% )of the 374 patients . The cumulative hospital stay was 2 724 days .The infection incidence per patient‐day was 22 .8‰ .The infection in ICU was primarily pneumonia (75 .6% ,including 39 ventilator‐associated pneumonia) ,bloodstream infections (including 6 central line‐associated bloodstream infections ) and catheter‐associated urinary tract infections . The incidence of ventilator‐associated pneumonia ,central line‐associated bloodstream infection and catheter‐associated urinary tract infection was 33 .3‰ ,2 .8‰ , 2 .3‰ patient‐day ,respectively .Overall ,74 strains of pathogens were isolated ,of which 93 .2% ,5 .4% and 1 .4% were gram‐negative bacilli ,gram‐positive cocci and fungi ,respectively .The top three gram‐negative bacilli were Pseudomonas aeruginosa(25 .7% ),Klebsiellapneumoniae(14 .9% ),and Acinetobacterbaumannii(10 .8% ).Conclusions Theincidenceof nosocomial infection was 16 .6 % in ICU patients ,of which device‐related infection accounted for 62 .2 % .Control of equipment‐related infections is critical for curbing the nosocomial infections in ICU . The antimicrobial regimens for ICU patients should cover gram‐negative bacilli .

Objective To observe the therapeutic effect and safety of the umbilical blood stem cell transplantation on patients with end-stage cirrhosis.Methods We chose 80 patients diagnosed with end-stage cirrhosis.All the re-lated contraindications were excluded .Communicated with all the patients, 50 patients chose the umbilical blood stem cell transplantation and conservative treatment , and 30 patients only chose conservative treatment .The 50 pa-tients were defined as observation group and the left were defined as control group .After transplantation, clinical symptoms and laboratory data were recorded at the 1 month, 6 month, and 12 month.Results ① 12 months after transplantation, clinical symptoms were improved in 38 cases(76%) in the observation group and that in 12 cases (40%) in the control group.② The laboratory data, including ALB, TBiL, ALT, AST, PTA were improved after transplantation in observation group (P <0.05).No significant difference was found in the control group after thera -py.③ After transplantation, the improvement of ALB, A/G, TBiL, PTA in observation group was higher than the control group(P <0.05).Conclusion After transplantation of the umbilical blood stem cell transplantation , the liver function and life quality of patients are significantly improved .This method is better than conservative treat -ment.The method is safe and effective in the treatment of patients with end -stage cirrhosis.

OBJECTIVE To detect the genes of plasmid-mediated AmpC and ESBL ?-lactamases and classⅠ integron in clinical isolate of Escherichia coli.METHODS The bacterial susceptibility to antimicrobial agents for strain E50 was determined by agar dilution method.The genes of AmpC,ESBLs,and intⅠ1 were analyzed using PCR and verified DNA sequencing.Conjugation experiment was used to study the transfer of drug resistance.RESULTS The strain was only susceptible to imipenem.CTX-M-15,SHV-1,TEM-1,DHA-1 and intⅠ 1 genes were positive.CONCLUSIONS It has complicated mechanism of drug resistance.Some of clinical strains producing plasmid-mediated AmpC ?-lactamase are accompanied by extensively producing ESBLs.Carbapenems are the best choice for treatment infection caused by strains producing ESACs.More attention should be paid to integron which plays an important role in multi-resistance.

Objective To explore the value of laparoscopic partial nephrectomy for children with duplex kidney.Methods Between June 2006 and February 2009,we performed laparoscopic partial nephrectomy on totally 21 children with duplex kidney.Three or four trocars were used for the operation.Through transabdominal approach the peri-renal tissues were freed and the vessels supplying the duplicated kidney were ligated.Afterwards,we resected the duplicated kidney,as well as the ureter,and a subperitoneal drainage tube was indwelt.Results The operation was completed in all of the 21 cases without conversion to open surgery.The mean operation time for laparoscopy was 190 min(range,130 to 210 min).The intraoperative blood loss ranged from 5 to 10 ml.No patient received blood transfusion.Liquid diet was given in 8 to 10 hours after the operation.In this series,the postoperative hospital stay ranged from 5 to 7 days with a mean of 6.2 days.Follow-up was available for 3 to 28 months in the cases(mean,20.2 months).During the period,the clinical symptoms disappeared and B ultrasonography showed no abnormalities.Conclusions Providing larger operation space and better exposed surgical field,laparoscopic partial nephrectomy for children with duplex kidney is feasible and safe with quicker recovery.

Objective To investigate the deficit of extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 activation in the different age of Alzheimer's disease (AD)-like animal model and the protective effect of 2,3,5,4′-tetrahydroxy stilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside(TSG), which is the main component of Polygonum multiflorum, on ERK activation. Methods A generally accepted animal model of AD - PDAPPV717I transgenic (Tg) mouse was observed from 4 to 16 months old. Tg mice were randomly divided into 3 model groups(4, 10 and 16 months old mice)and TSG treated (at doses 120 and 240 μmol/kg/d) groups. TSG was administered to some Tg mice with an age range 4-10 months. In untreated 10 months old Tg mice, the TSG was administrated to those falling in the age range 10-16 months. For the control group we adopted the same age and background C57BL/6J mice. The ERK1/2 expression and phosphorylation were detected by Western blotting.Results In the 4-month-old PDAPPV717I Tg mice, phosphorylation of ERK1/2 decreased significantly in hippocampus and cortex compared with age matched control. In the 10-month-old Tg mice, decrease of ERK1/2 activation was aggravated in cortex but was less in hippocampus. The treatment of TSG at the doses of 120 and 240 μmol/kg for 6 months (from the age of 4 to 10 months) significantly up-regulated ERK1/2 activation in Tg mice. In the 16-month-old Tg mice, over-activation of ERK1/2 occurred in both hippocampus and cortex. The transgenic mice treated by TSG for 6 months (from the age of 10 months to 16 months) showed significant inhibition of over-activation of ERK1/2. Expression of total ERK1/2 showed no difference among control, Tg model and TSG treated groups.Conclusion PDAPPV717I transgenic mice with an age range from 4 to 16 months revealed the time-dependent deficit of ERK1/2 activation. TSG can bring the down or over activation of ERK1/2 into normal. Because ERK1/2 activation plays the crucial role in cellular signal transduction and learning-memory ability, TSG may have beneficial potential to the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases like AD.

Objective To investigate genotypes and antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli producing plasmid-mediated AmpC ?-lactamase in Anhui province.Methods A total of 407 clinical isolates of nonrepeated Escherichia coli were collected from different cities in Anhui province.AmpC ?-lactamase producing isolates were identified by cefoxitin three-dimensional test and antibiotic susceptibility was identified by agar dilution test.Plasmid extraction,PCR amplication of corresponding group was performed, followed by sequencing.Results The positive rate of cefoxitin three-dimensional test was 8.1% (33/407), and the prevalence of plasmid-mediated AmpC ?-lactamase was 3.0% (12/407).bla_(CMY-2) gene,bla_(DHA-1) gene and bla_(ACT-2) gene were identified by PCR amplification and confirmed by sequencing in 5 strains,4 strains and 2 strains,respectively.A new CMY genotype was identified,with its sequence revealed 97% identity to the deduced amino acid sequence with previous CMY-2.This is also the first report on ACT-2 genotype in China.The susceptibility test showed that all strains were resistant to cephamycins and piperacillin,and susceptible to imipenem.Two strains of Escherichia coli producing DHA-1 were resistant to fourth-generation cephalosporin.Conclusions CMY-2,DHA-1 and ACT-2 are the most common genotypes in plasmid-mediated AmpC ?-lactamase produced by clinical Escherichia coli isolates in Anhui province. Carbapenems could be the first choice for the treatment of infection caused by AmpC ?-lactamase producers.