BACKGROUND: Ischemia/reperfusion can induce degenerative alterations in articular cartilage. However, the precise mechanism remains poorly understood. OBJECTIVE: To observe the morphological changes and the apoptosis of articular cartilage of femoral head epiphyses with ischemia/reperfusion. METHODS: A total of 80 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to two groups: ischemia/reperfusion (model of ischemia/reperfusion in hip joint) and sham-surgery (exposure of abdominal aorta for 5 minutes) groups, with 40 animals in each group. Articular cartilages of femoral head epiphysis were col ected in 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours, 5 days, and 2 and 4 weeks after operation. Morphology of articular cartilage of femoral head epiphyses was examined by light microscope, and cel apoptosis was detected by TUNEL method. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Light microscopy showed chondrocytes degeneration and reduction, as wel as fibrosis in matrix of cartilage in the ischemia/reperfusion group. Chondrocyte apoptosis was observed in both groups by TUNEL. Several apoptotic cells, less than five, were observed in the sham-surgery, while 10-30 apoptotic cells were found in ischemia/reperfusion group at 48 hours. Results indicated that ischemia/reperfusion can induce degenerative changes in articular cartilage of femoral head epiphyses, and cel apoptosis in developing hip joint may participate in damage of articular cartilage. Inhibition of chondrocyte apoptosis in articular cartilage may be useful for the prevention and cure of early osteoarthritis.

BACKGROUND:Many studies have shown that Chinese medicineFuming granules have certain curative effects on optic nerve injury, but a large number of experimental studies are stil needed to verify. OBJECTIVE:To verify the effect of Chinese medicineFuming granules on optic nerve injury by the method of stress relaxation experiments. METHODS: The animal models of optic nerve injury were established by the clamping method. Rats were intervened withFuming granules by intragastric administration. Model group and normal control group were set for comparison. After 30 days of successive administration, optic nerve injury received stress relaxation experiments in each group, and histomorphology was observed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:In the normal control group, the optic nerve nuclei distributed uniformly without edema, augmentation or inflammatory cels, and the axon and other contents had a clear structure. In the model group, the optic nerve fiber arranged sparsely, presented unclear structure, and axon, karyorrhexis and the other contents changed. In theFuming granule group, the transect of optic nerve which arranged densely had large area, and most of the axon had a normal structure. The decreases in stress at 7 200 s and stress relaxation were as folows: normal control group > fuming granule group > model group (P < 0.05). Results confirmed that Chinese medicineFuming granule accelerates the recovery of axoplasm of injured optic nerve, restores the morphology of axons, and contributes to the recovery of injured optic nerve.

Objective To investigate the risk factors for respiratory failure in infants with severe pneumonia aged 1～36 months in order to reduce the mortality of inpatients with severe pneumonia Methods Prospective study were conducted on the collected 567 inpatient infants suffering from severe pneumonia from July 1,2000 to June 30,2001 in randomized selected 13 hospitals in Hunan 17 factors were surveyed and analyzed depending on curative effect ( with respiratory failure or without respiratory failure) as variable by single logistic regression and multiple logistic regression Results Single logistic regression analysis indicated that rachitis,congenital heart disease,hemaglobulin,frequently cold,diettherapy,season,evaluation severity score were risk factors relevant to respiratory failure in severe pneumonia Multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that innutrition,hemoglobulin,rachitis,frequently cold,season,evaluation severity score were risk factors associated with respiratory failure in severe pneumonia Conclusion Innutrition,hemoglobulin,rachitis,frequently cold,season,evaluation severity score are risk factors associated with respiratory failure in severe pneumonia

Objective To investigate the value of genotype detection for diagnosis of hepatitis B virus (HBV ) infection . Methods 433 HBV pattients from January 2011 to August 2013 were detected by PCR-reverse dot blot hybridization ;the DNA were assaied by PCR ;the HBeAg were tested by ELISA .Results Of the 432 HBV patients ,the rato of genotypes B (68 .13% ) was significantly higher than that of genotypes BC (5 .77% ) and of genotypes C(26 .10% )(P<0 .05);there were no significiant differ-ence in the copy of the HBV DNA among the various genotype (P>0 .05);HBeAg negative rate of genotypes B (23 .82% ) ,geno-types BC(14 .78% ) ,genotypes C(1 .42% )had statistically significant(P<0 .05);Genes associated with disease severity :the ratio of genotype B for patients with mild-to-moderate hepatitis B was 87 .20% ,the rato of genotype C was 9 .34% and genotype BC was 3 .46% ,while the ratio of genotype C was 77 .08% ,genotype BC was 14 .58% ,genotype B was 8 .33% in severe hepatitis B .Con-clusion The genotype of HBV is related to disease severity and the negative rate of HBeAg ,it is not associated with HBV DNA of HBV .

Acoustic Stimulation ; Animals ; Corpus Striatum ; physiology ; Estrogens ; metabolism ; Estrus ; physiology ; Evoked Potentials, Auditory ; physiology ; Female ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Objective To investigate the role of NMDA receptors in central medial thalamus (CMT) in the unconscious?ness induced by general anesthesia. Methods A total of 60 rat models for microinfusion were assigned into 4 groups (n=15 for each group). After induction with propofol, 10 mmol/L (NMDA10 group), 20 mmol/L (NMDA 20 group) and 40 mmol/L (NMDA40 group) of NMDA and normal saline (group C) with equal volume were microinfused into CMT. The incidence of purposeful movement and recovery time of righting reflex were observed in each group respectively. Infusion sites were local?ized by histological method. Results When the microinfusion site localized within CMT, comparing with group C, the recov?ery time of righting reflex reduced notably in three NMDA groups (P<0.05). The recovery time was significantly shorter in NMDA20 group and NMDA40 group than that of NMDA10 group. The incidence of purposeful movement during propofol an?esthesia was higher in NMDA20 group and NMDA40 group than that of group C (P<0.05). When the microinfusion site lo?calized out of CMT, the recovery time of righting reflex was remarkably longer than that within CMT in three NMDA groups (P<0.05), and there was no significant difference in the incidence of purposeful movement and recovery time between four group (P>0.05). Conclusion Microinfusion of NMDA agonist into CMT reverses propofol anesthesia, indicating that NMDA receptor in CMT may contribute to the propofol-induced unconsciousness.

Aim To observe the effects of theaflavin on intracellular calcium concentration(i) level in rat ventricular myocytes and discuss the possible mechanisms.Methods The effects of theaflavin oni were investigated in rat ventricular myocytes.i was detected by laser confocal microscopy and represented by relative fluorescent intensity(FI-FI0)/FI0,%;FI0:control;FI:administration of drugs).Results ① Theaflavin(10,20,40 ?mol?L-1) had no effect on the i of ventricular myocytes in normal Tyrode′s solution.However,it reduced the i of ventricular myocytes in simulated ischemia solution in a concentration-dependent manner.② Pretreatment with Bay k8644(0.5 ?mol?L-1) mostly abolished the effects of theaflavin(20 ?mol?L-1) in simulated ischemia solution.③ Theaflavin(20 ?mol?L-1) markedly inhibited the low concentration of ryanodine-induced i increase in Ca2+-free Tyrode′s solution.④ When the propagating waves of elevated i(Ca2+ waves) were produced by increasing extracellular Ca2+ concentration from 1 mmol?L-1to 10 mmol?L-1,theaflavin(20 ?mol?L-1) could block the propagating waves of elevated i(Ca2+ waves),reduce the frequency and duration of propagating waves,and reduce i as well.Conclusion Theaflavin may reduce the i in isolated rat ventricular myocytes via inhibiting Ca2+ influx by voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel and alleviating Ca2+ release from sarcoplasmic reticulum(SR).

Objective By analyzing the clinical and radiographic manifestations of calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease (CPDD) to improve the recognization of the disease.Methods Clinical features,diagnosis and treatment of an old female patient with CPDD was reported with literature review.Results An old female patient presented with swollen and pain on the right knee without obvious causes eight years ago,which was characterized by slightly reddness of joint surface,warm of local skin.Thcn she gradually developed swollen and pain in left knee,right ankle,both wrists,bilateral meta-carpophalangeal (MCPJ) and right elbow joints with few joint symptoms and the joints swollen and pain could relieved spontaneouslyitself in about one week.X-ray showed the thin strip of cartilage calcifications in wrist triangular fibrocartilage disc,meniscus of knee and the pubic symphysis were parallel to the surface of cartilage.Examination of microscopy with refractive filter demonstrated that short rod crystals refraction in joint fluid.CPDD was diagnosed and treated with flushing of joint cavity and injections of betamethasone as well as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug orally.Symptoms relieved after therapy.Conclusion Understanding the disease characteristics of CPDD is beneficial to for accurate diagnosis and treatment.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of overseas imported malaria reported in Chongqing City from 2011 to 2015,so as to provide the evidence for improving the imported malaria control strategies. Methods The epi-demiological data of overseas imported malaria cases were collected and analyzed descriptively for the species,original coun-tries,diagnosis and treatment in Chongqing City from 2011 to 2015. Results A total of 148 overseas imported malaria cases were reported in Chongqing City from 2011 to 2015,in which 96(65.54%)cases were falciparum malaria,and 37(24.32%) cases were vivax malaria;125(84.46%)cases were infected in Africa,and the rest of 23(15.54%)cases were infected in Southeast Asia. Most of the patients were 30 to 50 years old male workmen,and the ratio of male to female was 11.42:1. There was no obvious seasonal distribution among the reported timelines of the cases;however,there were two small peaks from June to August and from January to February. The median interval time of imported malaria cases from malaria onset to see a doctor was 1 day and from seeing the doctor to get malaria diagnosis was 2 days. The patients'first selected institutions were county medical institutions(50 cases,33.78%),then provincial medical institutions(36 cases,24.325%)and private doctors(20 cases,13.51%),and only 79(53.38%)patients got malaria diagnoses in their first selected institutions. The standard treatment were provided to 142(95.54%)cases. There were 43(29.05%)patients had serious complications and three patients were dead. Conclusion It is very important to enhance the multi-sector's collaboration to establish the collaborative investigation mechanism for screening malaria patients,and strengthen malaria health education for overseas workers and training courses in primary care medical institutions.

Objective To investigate the clinical and imaging features of patients with calcium pyrophosphate deposition (CPPD).Methods The clinical data and X-rays material of knee joint of 20 patients with CPPD were retrospectively analyzed.Pearson/Spearman's correlations analysis was used for statistical analysis with software version 15.0.Results The 20 patients with CPPD had demonstrated that the typical accumulation of calcium,which accounted for about 1.5％o(20/13 536) among patients over 55 years old who had knees X-ray at the same period in Chaoyang Hospital.Female patients of CPPD was 80％ (16/20).Seventeen patients completed follow-up visits.The age of onset for CPPD ranged from 44 to 85 years old,the percentage of CPPD patients over 70 years old was 71％(12/17).Among the 17 cases of followed,14 cases (82％) were patients with paroxysmal arthritis with the initial site of knee joint (79％) and ankle joint (21％).Most patients suffered from moderate to severe pain,while some might have local congestion and increased skin temperature.Five patients had more than two different joints attacked by arthritis.The distribution of the affected areas was knee,ankle,hip,elbow,wrist and metacarpophalangeal joints.The median number of attack was 1.5 times a year,and the median duration of attack was 8.5 days.Among the 14 patients,Six cases of them had no recurrence after treatment,but six cases had recurrent attacks within a year.The imaging of lateral articular facet showed that calcium deposit was extended and thickness of calcification was increased.Plus osteophyte formation stage was 100％ with an average of 3.0±1.6 and 85％ sclerosis of articular facet.The rate of attacks of arthritis had a positive correlation with calcium deposition range of lateral articular facet (r=0.663,P=0.010) and a negative correlation with sclerosis of articular facet (r=-0.548,P=0.042).Conclusion Old patients with paroxysmal joint pain,patients with knee joint or other big joints as the initial joints involved,patients with long duration disease,patients who had more than two joints at attack and patients with calcium deposition in imaging,should be suspected for CPPD clinically.Moreover,patients with a wide range of calcium deposition are high likely to suffer from recurrent arthritis attack.