Background Cytokines play a crucial role in mediating immune tolerance or immune rejection of corneal transplantation.However,the study on the expression of cytokines in corneal graft is seldom.ObjectiveThe purpose of the study is to investigate the change of cytokine expression in allografts at different time points after corneal transplantation.Methods BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice aged 6 to 8-week old were used to establish autologous and allografts keratoplasty models.BALB/c mouse was use as donor and receipt in autologous group,and the cornea of C57BL/6 mouse was used to graft on the BALB/c mouse in the allografts group.The graft inflammation was clinically scored,and graft inflammatory scores of ≥5 or opaciflcation scores of ≥2 were identified as rejection.BALB/c mice were randomized into normal control group(3 mice)and allografts group(15 mice).Reverse transcriptPCR (RT-PCR) was used to detect the expression of interleukin-4 (IL-4) mRNA,interferon-γ (IFN-γ) mRNA,IL-10mRNA and tumor necrosis factor(TNF-α) mRNA in graft 6 hours and 1 day,3,7,14 days after operation.Results The corneal graft opacification score was ＜2 and inflammatory score was ＜5 in the 10 mice with autologous keratoplasty until 60 days with the survival rate 100％.The edema,opacification and new blood vessel were seen in the BALB/c mice received allografts keratoplasty.The inflammatory score was ≥ 5 and the opacification score was ≥2 24 days after surgery with the rejection rate 100％,in the allografts group,and the graft survival time was (17.80±4.66)days.RT-PCR showed that IL-4 and IFN-γ were positively expressed,and IL-10 and TNF-α were absently expressed in normal mouse cornea.In the allografts keratoplasty mice,positive responses for IL-4,IFN-γ and IL-10 were found in 6hours after operation,but TNF-α was absent.From 1 day through 3 days after operation,the expressions of IL-4,IFN-γand TNF-α were enhanced but IL-10 was disappeared in the graft.IL-10,IFN-γ and TNF-α were expressed till the 7th day,but on the 14th day,only IL-10 was detected in graft in the allografts keratoplasty mice.Conclusions TNF-αis a main factor among the variety of cytokines that may influent corneal allograft rejection locally.

Objective To study the chemical constituents of Zanthoxylum dimorphophyllum and identify the chemical structures.Methods The compounds were isolated by silica gel,Flash column chromatography and purified by crystallization.Their structures were elucidated by spectral methods.ResultsSeven compounds were isolated and identified.They are 6-(3′,methyl-2′,3′-dihydroxy) butyl-7-methoxyl-8-(3″-methyl-2″-butenyl)-coumarin(Ⅰ),8-(3′-methyl)-2′,3′-butenyl-2′-(1″-hydroxy-1″-methyl)-ethyl-6,7-dihydrofurancoumarin(Ⅱ),6,7,8-trimethoxycoumarin(Ⅲ),scoparone(Ⅳ),umbelliferone(Ⅴ),canthin-6-one(Ⅵ),and syringaresinol(Ⅶ).Conclusion Compound I is a novel compound and all compounds are obtained from Z.dimorphophyllum for the first time.

Animals ; Body Water ; Brain ; anatomy & histology ; Male ; Organ Size ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Specific Gravity

To determine the role of biopterin in acute lung injury in scald rats with infection, and to observe the therapeutic effect of GTP-cyclohydrolase I(GTP-CHI) inhibitor on postburn sepsis, 56 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: normal controls (n=10), scald control group(n=10), postburn sepsis group(n=20) and 2,4-diamino-6-hydroxy-pyrimidine (DAHP) treatment group (n=16). Tissue samples from lungs were collected to determine GTP-CHI and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA expression, meanwhile biopterin, nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-?(TNF-?) and interferon-? (IFN-?) levels in lungs were also measured. The results showed that after scald injury followed by Staphylococcus aureus challenge, GTP-CHI gene expression and biopterin levels significantly elevated in lungs, so did the values of iNOS mRNA expression and NO induction (P

To observe the changes in plasma endotoxin level and lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP)/lipopolysaccharide receptor CD14 gene expression in the postburn Staphylococcus aureus infection, and to investigate their potential role in the pathogenesis of sepsis. 70 Wistar rats were divided randomly into three groups: normal control ( n =10), scald control ( n =10) and postburn sepsis group ( n =50). In the postburn sepsis group, rats were subjected to 20% TBSA Ⅲ?scald followed by Staphylococcus aureus challenge. LBP/CD14 and TNF ? mRNA expression in the liver, kidneys, lungs and heart were determined in all groups. Plasma endotoxin level and intestinal diamine oxidase (DAO) activity were also measured. The results showed that, after thermal injury combined with Staphylococcus aureus infection, intestinal DAO activity significantly declined,measuring 219 3, 157 3, 182 3, 167 3 and 179 2 U/g protein at 0 5?2?6?12 and 24h, respectively, after Staphylococcus aureus administration (239 9 U/g protein in normal controls). Meanwhile plasma endotoxin levels was markedly elevated, peaking at 2 hours( P

BACKGROUND: The researches on the onset mechanism and intervention of periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) are affected due to few cases of generally-acknowledged animal model, so it is necessary to establish a reliable animal model for the study of PVL.0BJECTIVE: To establish PVL animal model of the 2-day-old SD rats.DESIGN: Randomized control animal trial.SETTING: Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University.MATERIALS: A total of 36 2-day-old SD rats of cleaning grade and either gender, weighing 6-8 g, were provided by the West China Experimental Animal Center of Sichuan University; Mice anti-O4 was purchased by Chemicon Company,rabbit anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), rabbit anti-β-amyloid precursor protein (β-APP), rabbit anti-myeline basic protein (MBP), SABC immunohistochemical kit and DAB color reagent were all offered by Wuhan Boster Biological Technology Co., Ltd. Rabbit anti-mice IgG-FITC was obtained from Zhongshan Golden Bridge BioTechnology Co., Ltd.METHODS: The experiment was accomplished in the Laboratory of Women and Children, West China Second Hospital of Sichuan University between May and December in 2005. Totally 36 rats Were randomly divided into experimental PVL group and control group, 18 in each. The experimental PVL group was subjected to unilateral carotid ligation (UCL), and then they were put into a box filled with 6% oxygen and 94% nitrogen for 4 hours. Six rats were executed at ischemic 72hours, 14 days and 28 days respectively. Meanwhile sham surgeries were performed on the control group without ligation or exposure to hypoxia. And the time segment was identical with that of experimental group. ①Histopathological examination: Rat hearts were fixed by perfusion and stained with hematoxylin-eosin (HE). Light and electronic microscopy were used to observe the brain pathological and ultrastructure changes, ②Immunohistochemistry method was used to detect the distribution and expression of GFAP, β-APP, MBP and O4 in the white matter of both experimental and the control groups 72 hours post-operation. ③Neuroethology examination: Hanging test (rats were forced to hold the horizontal glass rod with forelegs, and the time of dropping was recorded in the distance of 45 cm.Scoring: 1 point: ＜ 10 s; 2 points: 10-30 s; 3 points: 30 s-2 minutes; 4 points: 2-5 minutes; 5 points: ＞ 5 minutes),inclined plane test (rats were laid on the inclined plate at the angle of 45° while rat heads turning upwards at the angle of more than 135°), open field test (square box without summit was divided into 9 equal grills at the bottom, rats were placed in the central grill to observe the activity within 30 seconds. Scoring: 1 point as rats entered the neighbor cage above half the body; 1 point as standing by hind limbs; total scores were the addition of the two), and cylinder test (rats were put in the cylinder of 20 cm×30 cm×5 cm to record the time of initial forepaw of each weight-bearing contact with the wall during a full rear, right (ipsilateral) or left (contralateral) percentage of total forepaw contacts at initiation was calculated.) were tested on the SD rats at 28 days post-operation. Then statistical management was conducted.MATN OUTCOME MEASURES: ①HE stain and electronic microscope were used to detect the histopathology changes after ischemia and hypoxia.②lmmunohistochemistry method was used to detect the expressions of GFAP, β-APP, MBP and O4 in the corresponding cell and tissue after ischemia and hypoxia. ③Neuroethology examination was used to evaluate the rats after ischemia and hypoxia by scores of each test.RESULTS: All 36 rats were involved in the result analysis. ①White matter damage was observed in the periventricular white matter in the PVL group by light and electronic microscopy at the early stage of post-operation; Ventricular dilatation and the loss of medullary sheath were detected in the white matter at the latter stage. ②The integrated optical density (IOD) of GFAP in PVL group was stronger than that of the control group (6 566.93±455.56, 1 069.32±791.71,P ＜ 0.05), and the mean diameter of GFAP-immunoreactive cells was increased in the brain tissue of PVL group compared with those of the control group [(11.69±0.97), (8.24±0.22), P ＜ 0.05]; β-APP immunohistochemistry demonstrated the IOD of PVL group was stronger than that of the control group [(59 304.07±6 864.03), (15 132.29±2 455.52),P＜ 0.05]; MBP IOD of the PVL group was decreased compared with the control group [(21 764.29±1 981.63), (69 174.72±3 199.90), P ＜ 0.05]; The density of O4-immunoreactive pyknotic cells was dramatically increased in the PVL group compared with the control group [(54.08±11.99), (1.25±0.51), P＜ 0.05].③In PVL group, the hanging time was shorter in the hanging test than that of the control group [(1.27±0.14), (4.24±0.59) minutes, P ＜ 0.05]; The turning-around time was longer in the inclined plane test than that of the control group [(7.17±2.32), (3.27±0.82) s, P ＜ 0.05]; The score in the open field test was decreased than that of the control group [(3.68±0.82), (12.67±1.00) s, P ＜ 0.05]; In the cylinder test the activity of the left limb was less than that of the right limb [(19.25±2.77), (64.55±0.36)%, P ＜ 0.05].CONCLUSION: PVL animal model can be successfully established by the method of UCL-hypoxia using the 2-day-old SD rat, and appears the obvious white atter damage, abnormal neurobehavior, reasonable pathological and behavior change.

OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for rational use of parenteral nutrition. METHODS:Combining with the pa-tients'nutritional status,clinical diagnosis and lab examination,5770 parenteral nutrition medical orders were collected from our hospital during May 2015-Apr. 2016,and then analyzed in respects of the stability of drug use,rationality of drug selection and pharmacoeconomics. RESULTS:The qualified stability of nutrient solution in 5770 parenteral nutrition medical orders accounted for 89.46%. The rates of reasonable drug selection in patients with abnormal liver function,renal function,hyperemesis gravidarum,pan-creatitis,complete fasting,long term parenteral nutrition (>14 d) and triacylglycerol >4.5 mmol/L were 76.19%,63.16%, 75.00%,78.95%,65.95%,64.06%and 50.00%,respectively. Four kinds of drugs were with same effect and dose,price difference between 4-34 times,the rate of inappropriate drug selection ranged 7.58%-61.64%. CONCLUSIONS:Parenteral nutrition design need to not only consider about nutritional status,clinical diagnosis and lab examination,but also take into account high efficiency,safety, economy and the stability of whole nutrient solution.

Since the outbreak of COVID-19 caused by the 2019-nCoV (SARS-CoV-2), with its high pathogenicity and contagiousness, it has posed a serious threat to global public health security. Up to now, the pathogenesis of 2019-nCoV is unclear, and there is no effective treatment. Vaccine as one of the most effective strategies to prevent virus infection has become a hot area. Based on the current understanding of 2019-nCoV, the development of 2019-nCoV vaccines covers all types: inactivated virus vaccine, recombinant protein vaccine, viral vector-based vaccine, mRNA vaccine, and DNA vaccine, etc. In this review, we focus on the candidate targets of the novel coronavirus, and the types, development status and progress of 2019-nCoV vaccines in order to provide information for further research and prevention.

Objective To evaluate the effect of different sevoflurane postconditioning on myocardial injury in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG ) with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB ) .Methods Seventy-five NYHA class Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients ,aged 46-72 yr ,weighing 57-90 kg ,scheduled for elective CABG with CPB ,were randomly divided into 5 groups ( n=15 each) using a random number table :control group (groupⅠ) , postconditioning with continuous administration of 1.7% sevoflurane group (groupⅡ a ) , postconditioning with continuous administration of 3.4% sevoflurane group (group Ⅲa) ,postconditioning with interrupted administration of 1.7% sevoflurane group (Ⅱb) and postconditioning with interrupted administration of 3.4% sevoflurane group (group Ⅲb) .Sevoflurane was not given in group Ⅰ .In Ⅱa group ,after the anastomotic stomas of the internal mammary artery to anterior descending artery were released ,the patients continuously inhaled 1.7% sevoflurane for 15 min .In Ⅱb group ,after the anastomotic stomas were released .In Ⅲa group ,after the anastomotic stomas were released , the patients continuously inhaled 3.4% sevoflurane for 15 min , the patients inhaled 1.7%sevoflurane for 5 min first ,inhalation was interrupted for 5 min ,and then inhalation was recovered lasting for 5 min ,and it was 15 min in total .In Ⅲb group ,after the anastomotic stomas were released ,the patients inhaled 3.4% sevoflurane for 5 min first ,inhalation was interrupted for 5 min ,and then inhalation was recovered lasting for 5 min ,and it was 15 min in total .Venous blood samples were taken for determination of the plasma creatine kinase ,creatine kinase isoenzyme-MB , lactic dehydrogenase , and cardiac troponin I concentrations before CPB and at 6 and 24 h after operation .Myocardial specimens were obtained from the right auricle before CPB and after termination of CPB for microscopic examination of the ultrastructure .Results Compared with group Ⅰ , the concentration of cardiac troponin Ⅰ was significantly decreased at 6 and 24 h after operation ( P<0.05) ,and no significant changes were found in the other parameters in Ⅱb group ( P>0.05 ) .The pathological changes were significantly attenuated in sevoflurane postconditioning groups as compared with group Ⅰ ,especially in Ⅱb group . Conclusion Postconditioning with continuous administration of 3.4% sevoflurane for 15 min can attenuate myocardial damage in patients undergoing CABG with CPB .

Objective To observe the clinical efficacy ofXing Nao Kai Qiao (brain-awakening and orifice-opening) needling plus thunder-fire moxibustion in treating vertebrobasilar ischemia.Method Fifty-five patients with vertebrobasilar ischemia were randomized into a treatment group of 26 cases and a control group of 29 cases. The treatment group was intervened byXing Nao Kai Qiao needling plus thunder-fire moxibustion, while the control group was by oral administration ofYangxue Qingnao granules. The blood flow of vertebrobasilar arteries were observed by using ultrasonic Doppler blood-flow detector before and after intervention, and the clinical efficacies were compared between the two groups.Result The recovery and markedly-effective rate and total effective rate were respectively 61.5% and 96.2% in the treatment group, versus 34.5% and 89.7% in the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.01,P<0.05). The VS and VD of vertebral arteries and VS of basilar arteries were significantly changed after intervention in the treatment group (P<0.05). The VS of basilar arteries was significantly changed after intervention in the control group (P<0.05). After treatment, The VS of vertebral and basilar arteries in the treatment group was significantly different from that in the control group (P<0.05).ConclusionXing Nao Kai Qiao needling plus thunder-fire moxibustion is an effective approach in treating vertebrobasilar ischemia.