Paternity testing has to be cautiously practiced,since it involves issues coming from all aspects including ethics,legislation,family and society.If the educational backgrounds of the litigants prevent them from fully understanding the ethical and legal issues involved in paternal testing,it would thus be impossible to achieve a real "informed consent" for the litigants.It is our point of view that in these cases,and when no alternative solutions are available,it is the responsibility of those who perform paternity testing to advise the litigants give up the application for paternity test.Besides,it is time for judicial departments to place on the agenda the establishing of a technique standard for paternity testing and relevant judicial procedures,in order to protect the basic rights of informal consent and autonomy of litigants in paternity testing practices.It is in this article that some ethical and legal issues commonly involved in paternity testing are discussed.

Adolescent ; Anemia, Aplastic ; complications ; therapy ; Anemia, Hemolytic ; chemically induced ; complications ; Antilymphocyte Serum ; adverse effects ; therapeutic use ; Female ; Humans

Objective: To study the antitussive, expectorant and antiasthetic effects of Fortunella hindsii leaves. Methods: The antitussive effects were observed by the method of ammonia-induced cough in mice, the expectorant effects were observed by the method of phenolsulfonphthalein excretion in mice, and the antiasthmatic effects were observed by the method of histamine phosphate spray in guinea pigs. Results:The leaves of Fortunella hindsii at low, medium and high doses could decrease the cough times and prolong the cough latent period (P<0. 05 or P<0. 01), high dose could promote the phenol red excretion (P<0. 05), and high and medium do-ses could prolong the incubation period of guinea pigs for asthma caused by histamine phosphate (P<0. 05 or P<0. 01). Conclu-sion:The leaves of Fortunella hindsii have promising antitussive, expectorant and antiasthmatic effects.

Objective To determine the changes in action potential peak value and maximal nerve conduction velocity of rabbit sciatic nerve after being exposed to different doses of high intensity ultrasound (HIU) and establish the experimental basis for the use of HIU in patients with refractory pain. Methods Eighty New Zealand white rabbits of either sex weighing 2.0-2.5 kg, aged 5-10 months were randomly divided into four groups with 20 rabbits in each group :group Ⅰ 0 second;group Ⅱ 15 seconds;group Ⅲ 25 seconds and group Ⅳ 50 seconds. The animals were anesthetized and placed in the prone position. Sciatic nerves were exposed to 4 different doses of HIU (7.1 MHz, 40 W/cm2 f55 0 s, 15 s, 25 s, 50 s) in the four groups. The animals were allowed to recover. At 5 intervals (1 and 2 weeks, 1, 3 and 6 months) after exposure to HIU, 4 animals in each group were anesthetized and recording electrodes were placed on sciatic nerves at 2 cm distal to the site of HIU radiation, tibial and sural cutaneous nerves. The amplitude (peak value) and latency of action potential and maximal conduction velocity of the nerves were recorded. Sciatic nerves were obtained from one of the four animals for light and electron microscopic examination. Results The larger was the dose of HIU, the more time was needed for the injuried nerve to recover. In group Ⅰ (0 s) there were no significant changes in action potential peak value and maximal nerve conduction velocity at any interval after exposure to HIU;in group Ⅱ (15 s) there were slight changes in the electrophysiological parameters and the changes recorded on tibial nerve returned to normal soon while those recorded on sural cutaneous nerve returned to normal one month later; in group Ⅲ (25 s) there were significant changes in the electrophysiological parameters and it took 3 months for tibial nerve but 6 months for sural cutaneous nerve to recover;in group Ⅳ (50s) the nerves were completely blocked, no action potential was recorded and no recovery was observed after 6 months. Light and electron microscopic examination showed that in group 1 no significant changes of nerves were observed; in group Ⅱ there was slight deformation of myelin sheath which returned to normal 2 weeks later; in group Ⅲ sheath was broken or lost, and axon degeneration was observed at 1 week after exposure to HIU and the changes disappeared 1 month later; in group Ⅳ necrosis of the nerve was observed and no recovery was observed 6 months later. Conclusion HIU can be used for the treatment of refractory pain. Analgesia can be achieved with loss of only part of motor function. The nerve can be permanently blocked by HIU if necessary.

Objective To study the effect of injectable osteoinductive materials with fibrin sealant as the vehicle on the reconstruction of segmental radius defect in dog, and to provide an experimental foundation for its clinical application in the future. Methods 20mm bone defects were created in the radius 18 dogs, and in the experiment group b [FS+bFGF+bBMP (bovine BMP)] composite, and in experiment group r (FS+bFGF+rhBMP-2) were injected percutaneously into the defects. A control group (FS) with bone defect only was also included. The reconstruction effect on the segmental dog radius defects was evaluated by radiography, histology, bone mineral density (BMD) at 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 weeks after operation. Results In the experimental groups with bovine BMP as osteoinductive agent, higher repairing capability and osteogenesis rate were observed in experiment group b (FS+bFGF+bBMP) compared with that of control group (P

Objective To investigate the effect of the injectable osteoinductive material with fibrin glue(FG)as carrier compounded with rhBMP-2 and bFGF on the proliferation and differentiation of marrow matrix cells(MMCs)of rabbit,in order to lay an experimental foundation for clinical application in the future.Method MMCs were isolated and cultured from bone marrow of a 3-day-old rabbit.The effects of the material were investigated in experiment group(group A:FG+bFGF+rhBMP-2),with control groups consisting of control group 1(group B:FG),control group 2(group C:FG+bFGF),control group 3(group D:FG+rhBMP-2)and single control group(group E:free of material).The observation objects included proliferation rate,adhesive rates,expression of type I collagen and alkaline phosphatase,cell growth condition in the material and the ultrastructure of rabbit MMCs with the aid of electron microscopy,histochemistry and cell culturing.The concentration of rhBMP-2 and bFGF in all groups was uniform(1?g/ml).Results The proliferation rates and the adhesive rates of rabbit MMCs in group A was significantly higher than that in group B,group D and group E,but was lower than in group C(P

Objective To investigate the sensitivity of the real-time fluorescence PCR technique and the bacterial culture for detecting the colonization of group B Streptococcus(GBS)in late pregnant women.Methods 2 specimens were collected from preg-nant women genital tract-rectal secretions swabs,one specimen for conducting the bacterial culture and another for conducting the real-time PCR technique to detect genital GBS.The accuracy and rapidness were compared between the two methods.308 cases of pregnant women were divided into the GBS positive group and the GBS negative group according to the detection results of the real time real-time fluorescence PCR technique.The relation between the occurrence of premature rupture of membranes with GBS was investigated by the comparative analysis.Results Among 308 pregnant women with GBS detection,18 cases were positive by the ordinary bacterial culture with the positive rate of 5.8%(18/308),while 28 cases were positive by the real-time fluorescent PCR with the positive rate of 9.4%(29/308).In the GBS positive group detected by PCR,the premature rupture of membranes occurred in 9 cases with the positive rate of 31%,while in the GBS negative group detected by PCR,which occurred in 33 cases with the pos-itive rate of 11.83%.Conclusion This survey shows that the positive detection rate of the real-time fluorescent PCR technique is significantly higher than that of the bacterial culture method,the application of this detection technique for detecting GBS provides the basis for rapidly diagnosing GBS and conducting the prophylactic use of antibacterial drugs more accurately and more effectively.

Objective To investigate the efficacy of injectable osteoinductive material with fibrin sealant(FS) as a carrier compounded with bovine bone morphogenetic protein(bBMP) and bovine fibroblast growth factor(bFGF) for radial defect in dogs.Methods A total of 12 dogs were used in this study.The animals were randomly divided into treatment and control groups with 6 in each.We created a 20-mm bone defect at the upper radius of each dog,and then sutured the subcutaneous tissues and skin around the lesion.After the operation,FS(control) and FS+bFGF+bBMP were given to the two groups respectively by percutaneous injection.To compare the efficacy of the injections,we examined the animals by radiography in 4,8,16,and 24 weeks.The dogs were sacrificed in 24 weeks to obtain the specimens of the bone defect for histological examination and bone mineral density(BMD) determination.Results Radiography showed callus formation in 4 weeks and then osteoneogenesis in 24 weeks in the treatment group;whereas,in the control group,no callus was found around the defect in 24 weeks.In the treatment group,the mean BMD of the diseased radius was significantly higher than that of the healthy leg and that in the control group [(456.33?13.74) mg/cm2 vs(433.33?6.77) mg/cm2(t=2.57,P=0.00) and 0 mg/cm2].By histological examination,the new-formed bone in the treatment group was confirmed integral and dense with intact cortex and continuous marrow cavities in 24 weeks,while the bone defect of the controls were repaired with connective tissues without remodeling of the bone.Conclusion It is effective to repair bone defect in dogs by using injectable osteoinductive material with FS as a carrier compounded with bBMP and bFGF.

Objective To investigate the variation of the chromosomal karyotype of patients with congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia(CPT) and its relation with the neurofibromatosis. Methods Ten patients with complete follow up records in 28 cases of CPT treated between 1982 and 1999 were included in this study. There were 7 males and 3 females. The age of the patients at the surgery ranged 4 to 17 years. Seven patients had skin caf?-au-lait spots. Peripheral venous blood (1-2 ml) of 10 patients was cultured in 1640 culture medium with 10%(v/v) fetal calf serum and phytahematoagglutinin(PHA) for 70-72 hours, and then colchicines was added (10 ?g/ml) in culture medium 4 hours before finishing the culture. The specimens were harvested and the chromosomal karyotype was analysed. Results The karyotype of the chromosomes were normal(46XY or 46XX) in all of the speciments, there were no chromosome aberration, chromosome loss and polyploid. Conclusion Neurofibromatosis has no relation with CPT, the genic location of the CPT may have some relation with the neurofibromatosis.

Objective To explore the protocol of tissue matching and anti-rejection therapy in highly sensitized patients (HSP). Method The panel reactive antibody (PRA), human leukocyte antigen (HLA) matching and renal transplantation outcomes of 45 HSPs were retrospectively analyzed. Results Hyperacute rejection occurred in 2 patients. Acute rejection occurred in 9 patients and reversed by anti-rejection therapy. One year patient/graft survival rate was 95.6% / 91.1% respectively. Conclusions To avoid specific antibody through HLA matching is the key point for successful renal transplantation of HSP. Antithymocyte globulin (ATG) induction therapy combined with tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil therapy can decrease the rate of acute rejection and prolong graft survival.