AIDS has become a global disease,and a variety of drugs are used in the treatment of AIDS ,but the interindividual variabilities in efficacy and toxicity remain important limitations for the use of these drugs.Studies have shown genetic polymor-phism is the main reason for interindividual variabilities of drug reaction.In recent years,scholars focused on the pharmacog-enomics of anti-AIDS drugs and found that genetic polymor-phisms,in large part,determine the interindividual variabilities of the responese of these drugs.This paper reviews the research progress on pharmacogenomics of the four types of anti-AIDS drugs commonly used in China,including nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs),non-nucleoside reverse tran-scriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs),protease inhibitors (PIs)and integrase inhibitors (raltegravir).

ObjectiveTo study the protective effects of Qiqiong(QQJN) on focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury and its mechanism. MethodsMiddle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO) was used to make focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion model by intravascular nylon filament occlusion. The protective effects of QQJN were evaluated by investigating neurological function score, percentage of cerebral infarction, pathomorphology of brain, the activity of SOD and the content of MDA in hrain tissue,thrombogenesis and platelet aggregation in vitro. ResultsCompared with model group, QQJN(4.4、8.8g/kg)could decrease the neurological score in 8 and 22h after reperfusion, reduce the percentage of cerebral infauction,improve pathomorphology of brain, decrease the length, wet weight and dry weight of thromb and inhibit platelet aggregation. ConclusionQQJN had protective effects on focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. The role of anti-injury of free radicals,inhibit thrombogenesis and platelet aggregation should contribute to its neuroprotective effects.

Objective: To investigate the effects of folic acid (FA), vitamin B6 (VB6) and B12 (VB12) on plasma homocysteine (Hcy) and antioxidative activities in focal cerebral ischemia rats. Method: Rats were randomly divided into four groups including sham operation (Sham), middle cerebral artery occlusion model (MCAO), MCAO+FA and MCAO+FA +VB6+VB12(MCAO+CV). MCAO model was induced by operation. Plasma Hcy, serum and brain SOD and GSH-Px activities and MDA content in rats were measured before and 28 d after supplementation and 24 h after ischemia or only after ischemia. Results: Plasma Hcy in MCAO+FA and MCAO+CV group were significantly lower than those in Sham and MCAO groups after supplementation and ischemia, and the MCAO+CV group lower than MCAO+FA group. Serum and brain SOD and GSH-Px activities were significantly higher, and MDA contents lower in MCAO+FA and MCAO+CV groups than those in MCAO group. Conclusion: Supplementing FA, VB6 and VB12 can reduce plasma Hcy, improve antioxidative abilities and decrease the injury by oxidative stress following cerebral ischemia.

OBJECTIVEThis study aimed to explore the differences of membrane thickness and pressure on the paranasal sinus membrane in goats and analyze their causes. The results can provide theoretical basis and guidance for the issues of the maxillary sinus floor augmentation related to the membrane.

METHODSThe membrane was cut into two sizes from every sinus membrane. The membrane was fixed in formalin to obtain tissue specimens for the membrane thickness study and pressure study. The correlation between the two parameters was then analyzed, and appropriate statistical methods and software were selected.

RESULTSThe top of maxillary sinus, the bottom of maxillary sinus and the frontal sinus membrane thickness were (410.03 ± 65.97), (461.33 ± 91.37), (216.90 ± 46.47) µm. The pressure were (260.08 ± 80.12), (306.90 ± 94.37), (121.72 ± 31.72) kPa. The mean differences of the membrane thickness between the top of the maxillary sinus and the frontal sinus, bottom and frontal, and top and bottom were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The mean differences in membrane pressure were also statistically significant (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONThe membrane thickness and pressure of the top and bottom of the maxillary sinus are higher than those of the frontal sinus membrane. However, the thickness and pressure of the bottom membrane are slightly higher than those of the top membrane. Pressure and membrane thickness are positively correlated in the sinus membrane.

Objective To analyze CT findings of insulinoma,and to summarize the causes of missed diagnosis of nontypical insuli-noma.Methods Clinical and CT manifestations of 18 patients with 18 insulinomas were analyzed retrospectively which were proved by surgery and pathology,and the causes of the missed diagnosis of nontypical insulinoma were also summarized.Results 10 patients with 10 insulinoma underwent CT plain scan with isodensity in 9 and slightly lower density in 1 with thread-like capsule.Other 18 patients underwent enhanced CT scan,10 of whom showed obvious enhancement in arterial phase with isodentisy in 6 and slightly higher density in 4 in portal phase,and isodensity in 10 in delayed phase.4 lesions showed mild-to-moderate enhancement in arterial phase with slightly higher density than normal pancreas in 2 and isodentisy in 2 in portal phase,and slightly higher density than nor-mal pancreas in 1 and similar density to pancreas in 3 in delayed phase.In portal phase,the enhanced degree in 8 was similar to the pancreas,and that in 6 was slightly higher or higher than that of pancreas.In delayed phase,13 were similar to the pancreas and other 1 was higher than that.3 of 18 lesions were easily missed,and 4 lesions with missed diagnosis showed isodensity on plain CT and en-hanced CT,and were further detected by other imaging methods.Conclusion Multiphase enhancement CT scanning can be used as the first choice for the insulinoma.

Objective To compare radiation dose and image quality of prospectively ECG-triggered sequence acquisition mode and Flash(high-pitch spiral acquisition)mode in DSCT angiography of children with congenital heart disease.Methods Sixty children with clinically suspected congenital heart disease and undertook DSCT prospectively ECG-triggered scan were enrolled in the study and randomly divided into two groups.The Flash mode and prospective sequence scanning mode were applied in group A and B,respectively.The CT dose index(CTDIvol),dose length product(DLP),effective dose(E),and image quality were compared between two groups.Refered to surgery or cardiac angiography(DSA),the diagnostic coincidence rates were compared between two groups.Results The CTDIvol in group A and B was(0.32 ± 0.10)and(1.40 ± 0.43)mGy(t=13.32,P＜0.05),respectively.The DLP was(6.46 ±1.92)and(17.91 ±4.80)mGy·cm(t=7.97,P＜0.05).E was(0.19±0.05)and(0.45±0.12)mSv (t=16.64,P＜0.05).The image quality score in group A(4.03 ± 1.15)was higher than that in group B (3.13 ± 1.38)(t=3.55,P＜0.05).The total diagnostic coincidence rates were 100％(A)and 93％ (B).But the deformity diagnostic coincidence rates in group A(91％)was higher than that in group B (75％)(x2=7.72,P＜0.05).Conclusions In DSCT diagnosis of congenital heart disease in children,using flash scan mode can reveal more cardiac deformities than using prospective sequence scanning mode,and could reduce the radiation dose.

ObjectiveTo investigate the impacts of neural stem cells (NSCs) transplantation on spinal pathology and ultrastructure after spinal cord injury (SCI) in rats and probe into the protective role of tacrolimus (FK506) on neural regeneration.MethodsCompressive SCI at T8 was induced in the adult SD rats,which were randomly assigned to the control group,FK506 group,NSCs group and NSCs + FK506 group.The differences of neural regeneration in each group were compared at days 7,14,28 and 56 after injury by motor evoked potentials ( MEP),HE staining,immunohistochemical staining,ultrastructure observation and image analysis of the myelinated fiber. ResultsThe MEP latency in the NSCs + FK506 group was significantly shorter than that in other groups at day 28 ( P ＜ 0.05 ).HE staining revealed that only local necrosis presented in the NSCs + FK506 group at day 56.More BrdU and NF-200 positive cells were detected with immunohistochemical staining in the other three groups as compared with the control group.Moreover,the positive cells in the NSCs + FK506 group also outnumbered the FK506 group and NSCs group.Electron microscope scan showed edema under the membrane of large myelin sheath in the control group,and classic new myelin sheath and neuraxis in the NSCs + FK506 group at day 56.The regeneration of the nerve fiber in the NSCs + FK506 group was better than that of other three groups (P ＜0.01 ).ConclusionAfter NSCs transplantation for SCI rats,the early combination use of FK506 can improve the pathology and ultrastructure of the regenerative nerve fiber and is conducive to nerve regeneration.

Objective To investigate the value of dynamic contrast-enhanced quantitative parameters of pancreatic cancer at 3.0T MR.Methods 27 patients with pathologically proved pancreatic cancers were underwent DCE-MR at a 3.0 T scanner.AToft with Vp model was used to quantify K trans ,k ep ,Ve and Vp in the pancreatic cancer and normal pancreatic tissues.All parameters among different tissues were analyzed and compared by SPSS1 7.0.Results The K trans 、k ep 、Ve 、Vp values of pancreatic cancer were(0.303± 0.321)min,(1.387±1.486)min,(25.07±10.98)%and(3.420±4.692)% respectively ,while those values of normal pancreatic tis-sue were (1.235±0.777)min,(9.277 ± 7.996 )min,(1 7.89 ± 8.882 )%,and(7.1 96 ± 6.704)%,respectively.The differences be-tween the four parameters of pancreatic cancer and normal pancreatic tissue were statistically significant(F =33.188,25.414,6.984, 5.78,P <0.05).Conclusion Quantitative parameters of DCE-MRI accurately reflect changes in tumor blood perfusion and microcir-culation,they may be helpful to differentiate the atypical lesion.

Objective To observe the levels of alanine aminotransferase(ALT), total bilirubin(TBIL), hyaluronic acid (HA), procollagen type Ⅲ aminoterminal peptide (P Ⅲ NP) and larninin (LN) in the sera of rats infected with Clonorchis sinensis (C. sinensis) after treatment of albendazole combined with milkvetch root. Methods Thirty-two healthy adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups with 8 in each based on body mass: control group, non-treatment group, Albendazole group(ALB group) and albendazole combined with milkvetch root group(ALB+MR group). The rats in non-treatmen, ALB and ALB+MR groups were infected orally with metacercariae of C. sinensis 50 per rat. The rats in control group were mock-infected with saline. The rats in ALB group were treated to each rat with 50 mg/kg alhendazole for 5 days, and ALB+MR groups were given to same treat with albendazole, meanwhile each rat injected with 800 mg/kg milkvetch root intraperitoneally for 30 days. All rats were killed after infestation 14 weeks and their sera samples were collected to detect ALT, TBIL, HA, PⅢNP, LN. Results There were statistically significant differences in the levels of ALT and LN in the sera of rats between groups(F=31.40,11.82, P<0.01). Compared with control[ (47.88±4.88)U/L, (51.20±4.12)μg/L], the levels of ALT and LN in rats in non-treatment group [(85.50±9.65)U/L, (64.20±4.18) μg/L] and ALB group [(65.29± 7.78) U/L, (58.23±2.55) μg/L] were significantly increased (P<0.05). Compared with non-treatment group, the levels of ALT and LN in rats in ALB group and ALB+MR groups[(50.25±9.29)U/L, (53.68±5.63)μg/L] were significantly decreased(P<0.05), and they decreased more obviously in ALB+MR group (P<0.05). There were statistically significant differences in the levels of TBIL, PⅢNP and HA in the sera of rats between groups (χ2=15.309,21.418,19.759, P<0.01). Compared with control[(0.700±0.350)μmol/L, (26.085±4.075)μg/L, (81.935±42.550)μg/L], the levels of TBIL, PⅢNP and HA in rats in non-treatment group(2.400 μmol/L, 46.220 μg/L,310.885 μg/L) and ALT group(1.200 μmol/L,36.540 μg/L, 178.010 μg/L) were significantly increased(P<0.05). Compared with non-treatment group, the level of TBIL in ALT+MR group(0.750 μmol/L), the levels of pⅢNP and HA in ALT and ALT+MR group(30.470,100.240 μg/L) were significantly decreased(P< 0.05). The levels of TBIL, PⅢNP and HA decreased more obviously in ALB+MR group(P<0.05). Conclusions The liver function in rats infected with C. sinensis is abnormal. The liver function and fibrosis are improved after treatment with albendazole or albendazole combined with milkvetch root. The treatment of albendazole combined with milkvetch root is more effective.