OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for definition and research & development of new drugs in China.METHODS:The history of the definition for new drugs was reviewed,and the effects of the definition of new drugs on the research and development of drugs were discussed by using the game theory "Tragedy of the Commons" and "Anti-Tragedy of the Commons".RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:The definition of new drugs should be more and more scientific and reasonable and in line with the aim of building new creative country,meanwhile,efforts should be paid to avoid the above mentioned two kinds of tragedies.

This study was to identify the clinical features of myositis complicated with primary Sj(o)gren's syndrome (pSS). A total of 202 patients with pSS were investigated. Myositis was diagnosed according to the clinical findings, muscle enzyme levels, electromyographic results, and muscle biopsy, and compared with 15 polymyositis (PM) patients. Myositis was identified in 4 of 202 pSS patients (2.0%). They developed myositis 5 to 20 years after the onset of SS. Two patients showed no myalgia and muscular weakness. Creative kinase (CK) was increased from 480 to 2702 IU/L. Anti-Jo-1 antibody was negative. All patients responded well to prednisone and had a median serum CK decrease by 48.9%. No patients had myositis recurrence. Compared with the PM group, the percentage of myalgia, peak of CK, descending rate of CK, and positive rate of anti-Jo-1 antibody were all significantly different. Myositis with Sj(o)gren's syndrome is not common, show relatively moderate symptoms, and respond well to prednisone.

Objective To assess the outcomes of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection following immunosuppressant and corticosteroid treatment in patients with rheumatic disuses.Methods The medical records of patients with positive HBsAg and rheumatic diseases from 1 Jan 2004 to 31 Dec 2007 were retros pectively reviewed and analyzed for the types of rheumatic diseases,hepatitis B seroiogies,name and dosage of immunosuppressive agents used,anti-viral therapies and outcomes of CHB infection.Results Twenty one patients were included.There were 14 female and 7 male patients.The mean age of all patients was (45±16)years.All patients were positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B core antibody (HbcAb),and had alanine aminotransferase (ALT) less than 60 U/L except one patient with dermatomyositis.Twelve(57%) patients treated with immunosuppressant only.Among them,rheumatoid arthritis (75%) was the most commonly diagnosed rheumatic diseases.These patients were treated with methotrexate (no more than 10 mg per week) or leflunomide ( 10 mg/d),combined with suffasalazine or hydroxychloroquine.Three patients received antivirus drugs because of the elevation of HBV-DNA.During the follow-up period (7 to 47 months with a median of 25 months),four (33%) developed ALT elevation,but none had developed HBV reactivation.Nine (43%) patients were treated with prednisolone and /or immunosuppressants.Among them,5 (56%)patients were diagnosed as systemic lupus erythematosus,others were adult onset of Still's disease and dermatomyositis,and 3 patients had elevation of HBV-DNA copies.These patients were treated with predni-soione (0.8～1.2 mg·kg-1·d-1) only or combined with immunosuppressants (methotrexate or cyclophosphamide),and all patients received antivirus drugs.During the follow-up period (3 to 50 months with a median of 13 months),two developed ALT elevation,but none had developed HBV reactivation.Conclusion In patients with rheumatic disease complicated with chronic HBV infection,methotrexate (no more than 10 mg per week) and leflunomide (10 rag/d) may be safe for patients with negative HBV-DNA.Prednisolone and immunosuppressants (methotrexate or cyclophosphamide) may be used safely with prophylactic antivims drugs.

OBJECTIVE:To provide references for the perfecting of Chinese administration system on retail pharmacies.METHODS:The related laws and regulations of the supervising institutions of retail pharmacies in the developed countries like America and Great Britain were collected,compared and analyzed.RESULTS:The supervision systems of retail pharmacies in the developed countries like America and Great Britain have noticeable merits and rationalities.CONCLUSION:The construction of supervising system and the arrangement of its authorities on retail pharmacy in countries like America,Great Britain have some reference value for the supervision of Chinese retail pharmacies in its way towards more rationality and humanity.

[Objective]To evaluate the long-term results of recurrent lumbar disc herniation between different kinds of reoperation.[Method]Seventy-four patients of recurrent lumbar disc herniation after discectomy alone were treated surgically from May 2001 to Augest 2005.They were divided into three groups:nonfusion,posterolateral fusion and intervertebral fusion.After a long term follow-up(≥2y),their clinical data were reviewed to compared their improvement rate of lower back pain,JOA score,subside rate of disc height and chang rate of superior intervertebral space angle.[Result]The long-term results revealed that the improvement rates of lower back pain JOA score in the three groups were increased in sequence.The differences in subside rate of disc height and change rate of superior intervertebral space angle between discectomy and posterolateral fusion groups were insignificant,but much higher than those of posterior lumbar interbody fusion group.[Conclusion]Posterior lumbar interbody fusion is effective in increasing the improvement rates of lower back pain JOA score and maintaining the disc height and the superior intervertebral space angle.

OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for improving propaganda level and effect of rational drug use. METHODS:Questionnaire survey was designed to investigate the recognition,attitude and demand of consumers in retail pharmacies,students in parts of pharmaceutical universities and their parents and patients in parts of hospitals in more than 10 provinces(autonomous re-gions and municipalities)for propaganda of rational drug use,and the results were statistically significant. RESULTS:The question-naires ranged from 100 to 2 000 in each province (autonomous region and municipality),and totally 11 700 questionnaires were sent out,11 490 were received with recovery of 98.2%;10 980 were effectively received with effective recovery of 95.6%. 78.4%respondents heard of the concept of rational drug use,proportion of young and middle-aged people in 18-44 years old was signifi-cantly higher than other age group,the proportion was significantly increased by the improvement of education,and the proportion of people closer to the city was higher(P<0.001);the respondents who can fully understand the content of the propaganda account-ed for 22.7%,while higher education held higher proportion on“fully understand”,and people closer to the city held higher pro-portion on“fully understand”and“partially understand”(P<0.001);only 9.5% respondents could fully trust propaganda activity, proportion of choosing“partially trust”was generally increased by the improvement of education(P<0.001);and 69.1% respon-dents hoped to obtain relevant knowledge,people who had more purchase frequencies showed stronger willing(P<0.001);the top 3 preferences of respondents for propaganda forms were“face to face guidance from physicians and pharmacists”,“reading drug in-structions”and“reading professional books”. CONCLUSIONS:With insufficient recognition on rational use of drugs,coverage of propaganda about rational drug use needs further expand,public understanding of propaganda contents about rational drug use is fairly limited and people’s trust level towards propaganda is not high,but the public has strong desires to obtain the knowledge about rational drug use. Therefore,various means should be adopted to improve the effects on propaganda of rational drug use.

Acupuncture Therapy ; Adult ; Catgut ; utilization ; Female ; Humans ; Lactation ; Lactation Disorders ; physiopathology ; therapy ; Postpartum Period ; physiology ; Qi ; Young Adult

Objective To clarify the relation between the expression of Foxp3 in peripheral blood and plasma transforming growth factor betal (TGF-β1) and the activity of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Methods Foxp3 mRNA expression of 28 active SLE patients, 13 inactive SLE patients and 16 healthy controls was determined by polymerase chain reaction. Active SLE patients were followed up; Foxp3 mRNA expression of 20 active patients was measured in the stable status and the plasma TGF-β1 was measured by ELISA in the active and stable status. Results The active SLE patients showed reduced levels of Foxp3 mRNA than the inactive SLE patients (P<0.01) and the healthy controls(P<0.01). Expression of Foxp3 mRNA and the plasma level of TGF-β1 in 20 SLE patients were both higher in stable status than in active status, Conclusion The expressions of Foxp3 mRNA in peripheral blood and TGF-β1 in plasma has significant inverse corelation with disease activity, which suggests that regulatory T cells may play an important role in the pathogenesis of SLE.

Objective To analyze the clinical features of Weber-Christian disease (WCD) and to make a review of the literature for early diagnosis and treatment.Methods The clinical features of an atypical WCD patient who had been misdiagnosed as polymyositis were analyzed.Results WCD was characterized by subcutaneous nodules and systemic symptoms.Repeating physical examination and biopsy in time were important if the nodules were not obvious.Conclusion WCD is often misdiagnosed because of the complicated clinical manifestations.Carefully physical examination and timely biopsy are help for early diagnosis.

Animals ; Apoptosis ; Female ; Male ; Nasal Mucosa ; metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial ; metabolism ; pathology