To develop the Pharmacovigilance Guidelines for Clinical Application of Chinese Patent Medicines for Mucosal Administration in response to common problems， including insufficient safety information in package inserts， amplified medication risks in special populations， and non-standard clinical practices， thus establishing a risk management system tailored to the characteristics of Chinese patent medicines for mucosal administration. An approach combining qualitative and quantitative methods was adopted. In accordance with the Drug Administration Law of the People's Republic of China （2019 revision） and the GB/T 1.1—2020 standard， a systematic search was performed in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia （2020 edition）， the Catalog of Medicines Covered by Medical Insurance （2022 edition）， Chinese databases ［China Network of Knowledge Infrastructure （CNKI）， Wanfang Data （Wanfang）， and VIP journal resource integration service platform （VIP）］， and international databases （Cochrane Library， PubMed， and EMbase）. Guideline outlines were developed through questionnaire surveys， expert interviews， and the nominal group technique. The content of each item was formulated with full consideration of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） incompatibility， as well as the conceptual connotations and extensions of pharmacovigilance. The results included 54 Chinese patent medicines for mucosal administration from the Chinese Pharmacopoeia （2020 edition） and 58 from the Catalog of Medicines Covered by Medical Insurance （2022 edition）. Safety-related items in the corresponding package inserts were collected， and 27 relevant publications were retrieved. Thirty experts from 24 institutions were mobilized for the drafting， and opinions from 61 external experts were solicited. A pharmacovigilance framework was established， covering the full chain of "monitoring， identification， assessment， and control". Based on seven anatomical sites， including nasal， ocular， and oral mucosa， a stratified monitoring system was constructed. The guideline proposed key recommendations on improving package insert sections such as "Adverse Reactions"， "Contraindications"， and "Precautions"， clinical procedure standardization in healthcare institutions， risk control， and dynamic pharmacovigilance. The Guideline provides evidence-based support tailored to the risk profile of Chinese patent medicines for mucosal administration， filling the current gap in international pharmacovigilance standards in this field， while offering technical support for safety management across the full life cycle of medicines for mucosal administration.

To develop the Pharmacovigilance Guidelines for Clinical Application of Chinese Patent Medicines for Mucosal Administration in response to common problems， including insufficient safety information in package inserts， amplified medication risks in special populations， and non-standard clinical practices， thus establishing a risk management system tailored to the characteristics of Chinese patent medicines for mucosal administration. An approach combining qualitative and quantitative methods was adopted. In accordance with the Drug Administration Law of the People's Republic of China （2019 revision） and the GB/T 1.1—2020 standard， a systematic search was performed in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia （2020 edition）， the Catalog of Medicines Covered by Medical Insurance （2022 edition）， Chinese databases ［China Network of Knowledge Infrastructure （CNKI）， Wanfang Data （Wanfang）， and VIP journal resource integration service platform （VIP）］， and international databases （Cochrane Library， PubMed， and EMbase）. Guideline outlines were developed through questionnaire surveys， expert interviews， and the nominal group technique. The content of each item was formulated with full consideration of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） incompatibility， as well as the conceptual connotations and extensions of pharmacovigilance. The results included 54 Chinese patent medicines for mucosal administration from the Chinese Pharmacopoeia （2020 edition） and 58 from the Catalog of Medicines Covered by Medical Insurance （2022 edition）. Safety-related items in the corresponding package inserts were collected， and 27 relevant publications were retrieved. Thirty experts from 24 institutions were mobilized for the drafting， and opinions from 61 external experts were solicited. A pharmacovigilance framework was established， covering the full chain of "monitoring， identification， assessment， and control". Based on seven anatomical sites， including nasal， ocular， and oral mucosa， a stratified monitoring system was constructed. The guideline proposed key recommendations on improving package insert sections such as "Adverse Reactions"， "Contraindications"， and "Precautions"， clinical procedure standardization in healthcare institutions， risk control， and dynamic pharmacovigilance. The Guideline provides evidence-based support tailored to the risk profile of Chinese patent medicines for mucosal administration， filling the current gap in international pharmacovigilance standards in this field， while offering technical support for safety management across the full life cycle of medicines for mucosal administration.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the current status of clinical genetics specialization development and the diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities for hereditary diseases across medical institutions in Shanghai, and to assess the necessity and feasibility of establishing training bases for clinical genetics specialists. METHODS: By employing a cross-sectional survey design, the Clinical Genetics Committee of Shanghai Medical Association has conducted questionnaire surveys from March to April 2025 across 54 healthcare institutions in Shanghai (including 33 tertiary hospitals and 21 secondary hospitals). The survey involved administrative departments and medical personnel from 15 clinical specialties. The survey has covered current genetic disease diagnosis and treatment practices, relevant and specialised disease types, genetic department establishment, testing capabilities, personnel teams, and training requirements. RESULTS: The results revealed that 78.0% of clinical departments surveyed had treated patients with hereditary disorders. Shanghai possesses diagnostic and therapeutic expertise for over 95% of hereditary diseases listed in its rare disease catalogue, reflecting both the practical clinical demand for such conditions and the city's overall diagnostic and therapeutic strengths in this field. Nevertheless, significant disparities exist in the development of genetics departments across different tiers of healthcare institutions. Resources for genetic testing capabilities (including molecular, cellular, and biochemical testing) are also unevenly distributed across different tiers of hospitals. The survey further revealed that only 26.0% of departments believe that their current physician structure fully meets the diagnostic and treatment demands. Over 90% of departments consider standard training for clinical genetic specialists necessary, with 74.0% expressing willingness to participate in establishing training bases. Based on above findings and thorough deliberation, the Clinical Genetics Committee of the Shanghai Medical Association proposes advancing specialist training and discipline development through establishing a standard training system. The committee has drafted a three-year training protocol featuring a "joint training"-centered model, recommending a pilot-first, dynamically optimized strategy for steadily advancing training base development. CONCLUSION Shanghai faces substantial demand for genetic disease diagnosis and treatment, yet exhibits shortcomings in clinical genetics specialization development, resource allocation, and talent pipeline cultivation. To establish a standard training system holds significant practical importance and is underpinned by a broad demand.
Humans ; China ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Genetic Diseases, Inborn/genetics* ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Genetics, Medical/education* ; Genetic Testing

ObjectivePost-ischemic acute inflammation and the subsequent persistent dysregulation of the immune microenvironment represent major pathological drivers that aggravate neuronal injury and severely restrict functional recovery following ischemic stroke. Although current reperfusion therapies partially restore blood flow, they fail to effectively modulate the secondary inflammatory cascade and oxidative stress, which remain critical barriers to neurological restoration. To address this challenge, this study aimed to engineer and systematically evaluate a biomimetic nanosystem composed of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-loaded platelet membrane-camouflaged lipid nanoparticles (PLP). This nanosystem was designed to achieve dual lesion-targeted delivery and immune microenvironment remodeling. By verifying its spatiotemporal accumulation, anti-inflammatory activity, and neuroprotective efficacy, we sought to establish an integrated therapeutic strategy that simultaneously enables lesion targeting, immune regulation, and functional recovery after ischemic injury. MethodsThe physicochemical properties of PLP, including hydrodynamic particle size, zeta potential, structural stability, and morphology, were characterized using dynamic light scattering, zeta potential analysis, and transmission electron microscopy. The preservation of platelet membrane-derived adhesion and immunoregulatory proteins was confirmed by SDS-PAGE through comparative analysis of protein band profiles between PLP and native platelet membranes. The in vitro biological activities of PLP were evaluated using two complementary cellular models. LPS-induced M1-polarized RAW264.7 macrophages were employed to assess inflammatory modulation, while oxygen glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R)-induced BV2 microglial cells and SH-SY5Y neuronal cells were utilized to investigate neuroinflammatory regulation and neuronal protection. For in vivo validation, a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) mouse model was established to mimic ischemia-reperfusion injury. The spatiotemporal biodistribution and lesion-targeting capability of the PLP were monitored through live fluorescence imaging. Therapeutic efficacy was comprehensively evaluated by triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunofluorescence analysis, body weight monitoring, and neurological severity score (NSS) assessment. ResultsPLP nanoparticles displayed a uniform spherical morphology, nanoscale particle size distribution, and stable negative surface charge, indicating favorable colloidal stability and circulation potential. SDS-PAGE results confirmed the effective retention of key platelet membrane proteins associated with endothelial adhesion, immune evasion, and inflammatory regulation, demonstrating the successful biomimetic construction. Optimal therapeutic concentrations were determined in OGD/R-induced BV2 cells, where PLP exhibited excellent cytocompatibility and anti-inflammatory activity.In vitro experiments demonstrated that PLP significantly inhibited the polarization of RAW264.7 macrophages toward the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype and markedly reduced neuronal apoptosis under ischemia-reperfusion conditions. In vivo fluorescence imaging revealed that PLP rapidly accumulated in the ischemic brain hemisphere and maintained prolonged retention for up to 7 d, suggesting enhanced lesion-specific targeting and sustained drug release. Compared with control group, PLP treatment significantly reduced cerebral infarct volume, attenuated reactive astrogliosis, improved weight recovery, and accelerated neurological functional restoration, as reflected by significantly improved NSS scores. ConclusionThis study establishes a multifunctional biomimetic nanoplatform that integrates platelet membrane-mediated active targeting with the anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and neuroprotective properties of TGF-β1. The PLP system enables rapid lesion homing and long-term retention while synergistically regulating the post-stroke inflammatory microenvironment by suppressing pro-inflammatory immune activation, reducing neuronal apoptosis, and limiting excessive astrocyte reactivity. Importantly, this study proposes a conceptually therapeutic paradigm that combines targeted delivery with immune microenvironment remodeling to achieve comprehensive neurovascular protection. These findings provide strong experimental evidence supporting the translational potential of biomimetic nanotherapeutics as next-generation precision interventions for ischemic stroke.

Endovascular thrombectomy for acute large-vessel occlusion in patients with active cancer remains a difficult clinical decision. Multiple cohort studies and meta-analyses indicate that, when standard imaging and clinical criteria are applied, reperfusion success is high and symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage is broadly comparable with non-cancer populations, arguing against categorical exclusion. At the same time, registries show lower 90-day functional independence and higher 90-day mortality in active-cancer cohorts—effects likely driven by malignancy-related systemic factors and pre-existing functional compromise rather than procedural harm. This narrative review synthesizes efficacy and safety signals, highlights decision-grade outcomes that are seldom reported—early neurological change, performance status around 90 days, and whether systemic anticancer therapy is started or resumed. It sets out a clinical–ethical–economic framework to support selection, consent, and aftercare, including a pragmatic pathway for under-resourced settings based on non-contrast computed tomography (CT) or single-phase CT angiography where advanced perfusion imaging or magnetic resonance imaging are unavailable. We outline an Asia–Pacific collaborative program designed to identify subgroups that may benefit from reperfusion and initiation of active cancer care.

Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease （MAFLD） is a chronic liver disease closely related to metabolic dysfunction. Its global prevalence is increasing year by year and shows a trend toward younger onset. It is closely associated with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases， chronic kidney disease， and extrahepatic malignant tumors， and has become a major public health problem affecting the health of the Chinese population. At present， the treatment of MAFLD mainly focuses on lifestyle intervention. When metabolic cardiovascular risk factors and liver injury are present， pharmacological intervention is required. However， there is still no specific drug therapy for MAFLD. In recent years， many studies have found that the pathogenesis of MAFLD involves interactions among multiple factors， including insulin resistance， oxidative stress， endoplasmic reticulum stress， programmed cell death， immune dysregulation， inflammasomes， gut microbiota imbalance， and bile acid metabolism. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） has advantages in integrated regulation with multiple components and multiple targets， and shows significant efficacy in the treatment of MAFLD. Active components of Chinese medicinal herbs and Chinese medicine compound formulas exert definite therapeutic effects by regulating multiple signaling pathways to improve lipid metabolism disorders， inhibit inflammatory responses， and regulate the gut microbiota， thereby effectively improving clinical symptoms and delaying the occurrence and development of MAFLD. Therefore， strengthening research on the mechanisms of action of TCM in MAFLD is of crucial importance and significance for its treatment. This article summarizes the mechanisms by which Chinese medicine monomers and compound formulas intervene in MAFLD through the regulation of related signaling pathways， based on the retrieval and analysis of relevant literature from multiple databases， with the aim of providing theoretical support and a reference basis for the clinical application of TCM in the treatment of MAFLD.

AIM:To investigate the dynamic changes in ocular surface function after eyelid malignant tumor resection combined with Hughes flap reconstruction.

METHODS:A prospective self-controlled study was conducted. Patients who underwent eyelid malignant tumor resection combined with Hughes tarsoconjunctival flap reconstruction(all tumors occured in the lower eyelid)at Shanxi Eye Hospital from January 2021 to December 2023 were enrolled. The contralateral healthy eye served as control. Ocular surface examinations were performed preoperatively and at 3, 6, 9, and 12 mo postoperatively, including ocular surface disease index(OSDI), tear meniscus height(TMH), non-invasive average tear film break-up time(NiaBUT), tear film lipid layer grading, upper and lower eyelid meibomian gland dropout grading, corneal fluorescein staining, and eye redness index.

RESULTS:A total of 36 patients were enrolled. Two patients were lost to follow-up because they did not complete the scheduled follow-up period, leaving 34 patients with complete data for analysis. The cohort comprised 10 men(29%)and 24 women(71%), with a mean age of 70.08±10.92 y(range 33-81 y). Histopathological diagnoses included basal cell carcinoma(BCC)in 22 eyes(65%), sebaceous gland carcinoma(SGC)in 10 eyes(29%), and squamous cell carcinoma(SCC)in 2 eyes(6%). Tumor size ranged from 4 to 30 mm(mean 12.64±0.31 mm). According to the AJCC staging system, 14 eyes(41%), 18 eyes(53%), and 2 eyes(6%)were classified as T1b, T2b, and T3b, respectively. Preoperatively, OSDI scores were higher in surgical eyes than in contralateral healthy eyes(28.74±13.72 vs 17.47±3.02, P<0.05). OSDI scores in surgical eyes further increased at 6, 9, and 12 mo postoperatively, peaking at 9 mo(all P<0.05), whereas no significant postoperative changes were observed in contralateral healthy eyes. Compared with contralateral healthy eyes, TMH in surgical eyes increased significantly at 3 mo postoperatively and remained elevated thereafter despite a slight decline(all P<0.05). NiaBUT in surgical eyes was shorter than the preoperative value from 3 mo postoperatively onward and was lower than that in contralateral healthy eyes(all P<0.05). Eye redness index in surgical eyes were consistently higher than those in contralateral healthy eyes(all P<0.001). Tear film lipid layer grade and meibomian gland dropout grades in both the upper and lower eyelids were significantly worsened postoperatively compared with baseline(all P<0.001). Corneal fluorescein staining grades were higher in surgical eyes than in contralateral healthy eyes preoperatively(P<0.001)and were higher at 3, 6, 9, and 12 mo postoperatively than at baseline(all P<0.001).

CONCLUSION: After lower eyelid malignant tumor resection combined with Hughes flap reconstruction, evaporative dry eye is the predominant phenotype. Meibomian gland dropout in both upper and lower eyelids appears irreversible within 12 mo postoperatively, and corneal epithelial damage and ocular surface inflammation persist over time.

ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of chronic hypoxic exposure on lipid metabolism in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis mice via transcriptomic analysis. MethodsMale C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into 3 groups： Control group （normal diet）， metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis group （MASH， high-fat diet）， hypoxic metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis group （CH-MASH， high-fat diet）. After 12 weeks， CH-MASH was given hypoxia intervention （altitude=3 800 m） for 4 weeks. Differentially expressed genes in the livers of mice from the three groups were identified using transcriptome sequencing， followed by GO and KEGG analyses. A protein-protein interaction （PPI） network was constructed to screen hub genes. Serum triglyceride （TG）， total cholesterol （TC）， and liver function parameters were measured， and hepatic histomorphological changes were observed by HE staining. ResultsSerum TG and TC significantly increased in MASH group and CH-MASH group compared with Control group. Compared to MASH group， serum TG and TC obviously increased in CH-MASH. HE staining suggested that the lipid level of CH-MASH was reduced compared with MASH. Liver transcriptomes differed markedly between CH-MASH and MASH mice. A total of 1 005 differentially expressed genes were screened. A total of 1 151 significantly enriched GO terms were obtained including extracellular regions， intrinsic components of membranes， lipid metabolism processes， small molecule metabolism processes， and small molecule synthesis processes KEGG enrichment analysis showed that DEGs were enriched in 41 pathways， including metabolic pathway， retinol metabolic pathway， PPAR signaling pathway， sterol synthesis pathway etc. In the screening protein interaction network， the closely connected genes related to lipid metabolism under hypoxia were Acaca， Hmgcs1， Acat2， Cyp51和Msmo1. The results of RT-qPCR were consistent. ConclusionChronic hypoxia significantly alters liver lipid metabolism transcription levels in MASH mice. The key genes and pathways screened in this study provide clues for further research on the mechanism of hypoxia exposure affecting liver metabolic changes in MASH mice.

Immobilized enzyme-based enzyme electrode biosensors, characterized by high sensitivity and efficiency, strong specificity, and compact size, demonstrate broad application prospects in life science research, disease diagnosis and monitoring, etc. Immobilization of enzyme is a critical step in determining the performance (stability, sensitivity, and reproducibility) of the biosensors. Random immobilization (physical adsorption, covalent cross-linking, etc.) can easily bring about problems, such as decreased enzyme activity and relatively unstable immobilization. Whereas, directional immobilization utilizing amino acid residue mutation, affinity peptide fusion, or nucleotide-specific binding to restrict the orientation of the enzymes provides new possibilities to solve the problems caused by random immobilization. In this paper, the principles, advantages and disadvantages and the application progress of enzyme electrode biosensors of different directional immobilization strategies for enzyme molecular sensing elements by specific amino acids (lysine, histidine, cysteine, unnatural amino acid) with functional groups introduced based on site-specific mutation, affinity peptides (gold binding peptides, carbon binding peptides, carbohydrate binding domains) fused through genetic engineering, and specific binding between nucleotides and target enzymes (proteins) were reviewed, and the application fields, advantages and limitations of various immobilized enzyme interface characterization techniques were discussed, hoping to provide theoretical and technical guidance for the creation of high-performance enzyme sensing elements and the manufacture of enzyme electrode sensors.

Objective: To systematically analyze the revisions content and technological development trends of microbiological standards in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (ChP) 2025 Edition, and explore its novel requirements in risk-based pharmaceutical product lifecycle management.
Methods: A comprehensive review was conducted on 26 microbiological-related standards to summarize the revision directions and scientific implications from perspectives including the revision overview, international harmonization of microbiological standards, risk-based quality management system, and novel tools and methods with Chinese characteristics.
Results: The ChP 2025 edition demonstrates three prominent features in microbiological-related standards: enhanced international harmonization, introduced emerging molecular biological technologies, and established a risk-based microbiological quality control system.
Conclusion: The new edition of the Pharmacopoeia has systematically constructed a microbiological standard system, which significantly improves the scientificity, standardization and applicability of the standards, providing a crucial support for advancing the microbiological quality control in pharmaceutical industries of China.