Objective To describe nursing occupational protection status of clinical nurses in China.Methods We made a survey of 2142 clinical nurses in grade two and grade three hospitals in Fujian from June to December 2006.With self-developed evaluation questionnaire of appropriate protection level of nursing occupation to collect the general information of the status of nursing occupational protection.Results The score of occupational protection level was(121.31±28.26).The occupational protection level was generally optimistic,nearly grade 3 level,the execution of the grade 1 protection,grade 2 protection and grade 3 protection weakened gradually.Conclusions All pertinent sections should pay attention to occupational protection level of clinical nurses.The government should increase financial input,the hospital need to prepare adequate protective equipment and solve the human resources problems in order to improve the level of occupational protection.

Objective To optimize the technological conditions of polysaccharide extraction from Elaeagnus angustifolia L. by enzymatic-assisted ultrasonic. Methods The effects of different enzymes, enzymolysis temperature, enzyme dosage, enzymolysis time, material-water ratio, crushing degree, ultrasonic time and ultrasonic temperature on the extraction rate of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. polysaccharide was analyzed. Results The optimal technological condition was as follows:1.5% cellulase, 1.5% pectic enzyme, enzymolysis time 40 min, enzymolysis temperature 55 ℃, ultrasonic time 25 min, ultrasonic power 400 W, material- water ratio 1∶30, and temperature 60 ℃. In these conditions, the extraction efficiency of polysaccharide was 12.35%. Conclusion The process is simple and practicable, and can be used for the extraction of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. polysaccharide.

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF ?) is a pro inflammatory cytokine produced primarily by mononuclear phagocytes in blood and different tissues. Current data indicate that adult myocytes can also produce TNF ? in the course of various heart diseases, such as congestive heart failure, myocarditis, ischemic heart disease, dilated cardiomyopathy, and septic cardiomyopathy. Elevated TNF ? is considered to be contributive to the pathophysiology of these diseases. Methods concerning anti TNF ? therapy and their clinical application are the on going investigations.

Objective To study the effect of phonophoresis on transdermal delivery of sinomenine hydrochloride ( SH ) gel in vitro. Methods Ultrasound at one of two frequencies ( 800 kHz or 1 MHz) was applied with a sonicator with a transducer in this study. The skin of male Sprague-Dawley rats was used as the model and SH gel was used as the ultrasound couplant. The permeation rate of SH was detected using a modified Franz diffusion cell maintained at 32±0.5℃ and filled with 20% polyethylene glycol 400 physiological saline solution. The transdermal phonophoresis experiments were carried out in five groups: Group Ta, f=800 kHz, / = 0.75 W/cm2, t = 10 min:Group Tb,f=1 MHz,I=0.7 W/cm2, t=10 min; Group Tc,f=1 MHz,I=0.35 W/cm2, t=10 min; Group Td,f=800 kHz, I = 1.5 W/cm2, t = 10 min and Group Tc,f=800 kHz, I=1.5 W/cm2,t=5 min. There was also a control group (C) in which the SH was allowed to diffused passively. Samples were withdrawn at the indicated intervals and the concentration of SH was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. The transdermal parameters such as average accumulated delivery quantity per unit area Q8h, average transdermal steady delivery rate J, and Tlag were calculated. Results The Q8h and Js of the control group were 20.65±10.23 μ/cm2 and 3.02±0.11μ/cm2/h respectively. The phonophoresis parameters in groups Ta and Tb were, on average, significantly higher than in the control group. The parameters in group Tb were significantly larger, on average, than in Te. In group Td the parameters were significantly larger than in groups Ta and Te. Conclusions The results show that phonophoresis can enhance the transdermal delivery of SH. Phonophoresis variables such as frequency and time influence its effects on drug permeation. Almost no change was observed in the structure of the skin after phonophoresis, though under a scanning electron microscope the surface of the corneum appeared rough and porous. Phonophoresis is there-fore an effective and safe method for SH transdermal delivery, and the effect is positively relation with the applied intensity and exposure time.

Humans ; Hyoid Bone ; pathology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Syndrome

Objective To evaluate the effects of curcumin on the activity of NR2B and NR1 in the spinal dorsal horn in a rat model of diabetic neuropathic pain (DNP).Methods Diabetes mellitus was induced by high-sucrose and high-fat diet and intraperitoneal streptozotocin 35 mg/kg,then confirmed by fasting blood glucose level ≥ 16.7 mmol/L 3 days later in male Sprague-Dawley rats.DNP was confirmed by the mechanical paw withdrawal threshold (MWT) and thermal paw withdrawal latency (TWL) measured on day 14 after streptozotocin administration ＜ 80％ of the baseline value.The rats were then randomly divided into 3 groups (n =27 each) using a random number table:DNP,DNP+ curcumin group (group DCur)and DNP + solvent control group (group DSC).Curcumin 100 mg· kg-1 · d-1 and corn oil 4 ml· kg-1 · d-1 were injected intraperitoneally for 14 consecutive days starting from 14 days after administration of streptozotocin in DCur and DSC groups,respectively.Another 27 normal male Sprague-Dawley rats served as control group (group C) and were fed with normal forage.At 3,7 and 14 days after curcumin injection,MWT and TWL were measured and the lumbar segments (L4-6) of the spinal cord were removed.The expression of pTyr1472-NR2B and pSer896-NR1 in the spinal dorsal horn was determined by immunohistochemistry and Western blot.Results Compared with group C,MWT was significantly decreased,TWL was shortened,and the expression of pTyr1472-NR2B was up-regulated at each time point in group DNP.Compared with group DNP,MWT was significantly increased,and TWL was prolonged at 7 days after curcumin injection,and the expression of pTyr1472-NR2B was down-regulated at 3 days after curcumin injection in group DCur.There was no significant difference in each parameter between DNP and DSC groups,and in the expression of pSer896-NR1 between the four groups.Conclusion The mechanism by which curcumin mitigates neuropathic pain in type 2 diabetic rats may be related to inhibition of up-regulation of pTyr1472-NR2B expression,while unrelated to pSer896-NR1 expression in the spinal dorsal horn.

ObjectiveTo compare the surgical outcomes of total abdominal hysterectomy (TAH) and total vaginal hysterectomy (TVH).MethodsThe clinical data of 509 TAH cases and 799 TVH cases including operating time, bleeding volume, days being in hospital and outcome of 3 months following-up were analyzed retrospectively.ResultsThe average operating time and bleeding volume of TVH were 47.6 minutes and 199 ml respectively, less than that of TAH (128 minutes and 241 ml). The days being in hospital of TVH were also less that of TAH, and 12-Short Form Health Survey (SF-12) scores of TVH were higher than that of TAH.ConclusionTVH has minor lesion and is helpful for improving the quality of patients' life.

Objective To investigate the changes of body composition in the children with acute leukemia during different treatment stages.Methods From January 2009 to April 2010,56 children with acute leukemia hospitalized in Shanghai Children's Medical Center for chemotherapy were enrolled.Meanwhile,56 healthy children with matched age and sex were enrolled as the control group.The body compositions of children in the control group and the children with acute leukemia at the end of the first course of each treatment stages ware detected by segmental multiple-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis.The distribution of body compositions was recorded asthe percentage of each body composition to the body weighL Results Among 56 children with acute leukemia,41were with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and 15 with acute nonlymphoblasdc leukemia.Twenty-three cases were in remission-induction chemotherapy stage,15 in consolidation chemotherapy stage,and 18 in maintenance chemotherapy stage.Compared with children in the control group,children with acute leukemia showed a reduction in the percentage of intracellular fluid (P = 0.000), extracellular fluid (P - 0.005), protein (P = 0.000), mineral (P = 0.001), skeletal muscle mass (P = 0.000), body cell mass (P = 0.000), and active cell mass (P = 0.000), while an increase in body fat mass [(26.2 ± 8.3)% vs.(20.3±3.8)%, P=0.000].The body weight (P = 0.001), the percentage of intracellular fluid (P = 0.005), protein (P = 0.004), body cell mass (P = 0.001), and active cell mass ( P = 0.020 ) in the children during remission-induction chemotherapy stage were significantly lower than those of the healthy children.However, the parameters of the consolidation chemotherapy stage were significantly lower than those of the control group, including the percentage of intracellular fluid (P = 0.000), extracellular fluid (P =0.000), protein (P = 0.000), mineral (P =0.001), body fat mass (P =0.000), non-fat mass (P = 0.000), skeletal muscle mass (P = 0.000), body cell mass (P = 0.000), and active cell mass (P = 0.000).Most body compositions in the maintenance chemotherapy stage were lower than those of the healthy children ( P < 0.05) except for body mass index (P = 0.127) and the percentage of extracellular fluid (P = 0.097).Conclusions Body compositions remarkably change in children with acute leukemia after chemotherapy.Therefore, the nutritional status of children with acute leukemia should be closely monitored, and proper nutritional support should be provided when necessary to improve the prognosis.

This study was conducted to investigate the physicochemical properties of Polyporus umbellatus sclerotial exudate. Morphological characteristics of the sclerotia and its exudate were observed during different stages of sclerotial formation. The pH of the exudate was detected at different time during cultivation. A phenol-sulfuric acid method was employed to determine the polysaccharide content of P. umbellatus sclerotial exudate during cultivating time. Additionally, the protein content was measured by means of BCA protein assay. Furthermore, CAT content was detected using ultraviolet absorption method. That the protein content of the exudate and CAT specific activity rose gradually during the passage of the cultivating time indicated a high level of oxidative stress during P. umbellatus sclerotial exudate formation. The results showed that the pH of the exudate increased gradually and then dropped down during sclerotial formation. That the pH of the exudate maintained the acidity state during the cultivation indirectly indicated that acidic environment would help sclerotial formation. The exudate produced gradually and was absorbed by the sclerotia itself.
Culture Media ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Fungal Proteins ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Fungi ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; methods ; Oxidative Stress ; Polyporus ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Polysaccharides ; chemistry ; metabolism

Objective To investigate the effect of pigment epithelium- derived factor (PEDF) on p38MAPK-CREB pathway and the expression of fibronectin (FN) in human mesangial cells (HMCs) cultured with high glucose. Methods HMCs were treated with different concentrations of glucose and the osmotic control respectively in the presence or absence of PEDF for 24 h:normal glucose (5.6 mmol/L),24.4 mmol/L mannitol,high glucose (30 mmol/L),high glucose+PEDF(30 mmol/L glucose with 10 nmol/L PEDF,40 nmol/L PEDF or 100 nmol/L PEDF).After samples were collected,the expression of phospho-p38MAPK (p-p38) and p-CREB was assessed by Western blotting,while FN mRNA and protein expression was assessed with RT-PCR and ELISA respectively. Results In contrast to normal glucose and mannitol treatments,the expression of p-p38MAPK,p-CREB and FN increased significantly in high glucose group (all P＜ 0.01).However,PEDF abolished the up-regulation of p-p38MAPK,p-CREB and FN induced by high glucose (all P＜0.05). Conclusion PEDF may inhibit fibrosis through P38MAPK-CREB pathway in diabetic nephropathy.