To survey the time management disposition of the medical postgraduates,the Time Management Disposition Scale were used on 774 medical postgraduates for investigation in 2009. The difference of medical postgraduate from the countryside,towns and cities on time management disposition is not significant ( P＞0.05 ) ; Students of different gender have significant difference ( P＜0.05 ). The female postgraduates cultivation on time management disposition needs to be strengthened.

Objietive Observe the clinical curative effect of PPH in treatment of complexity hemorrhoids and circular hemorrhoid. Methods From January 2010 to January 2014, the clinical data of 278 patients who underwent PPH to treat complexity hemorrhoids, mixed hemorrhoid and circular hemorrhoid were retrospectively analyzed. The postoperative recent and forward curative effect was observed. Results The average operativetime was 28 minutes, and the average hospital stay were 6. 1 days. There were postoperative complications such as pain, anal skin edema, bleeding and urinary retention. 186 cases were cured (66. 9%),35 cases were markedly improved (12. 6%),20 ca-ses were of poor effect (7. 2%),and recurrence occured in 37 cases (13. 3%). Conclusion PPH has the advantages of simple in operation and quick in postoperative recovery. But there were to many postoperative complications and the recurrence rate is high. So PPH needs more further observation and study.

Objective To explore the method and points for attention in laparoscopic cholecystectomy(LC) of porcelain gallbladder.Methods Twenty-eight cases of porcelain gallbladder, especially 17 LC cases, from January 1980 to January 2005 were analyzed retrospectively.Results Of 28 cases(0.44%) of porcelain gallbladder in 6328 cholecystectomy patients,calcification of gallbladder occurred in 92.86% patients diagnosed by B ultrasonography 17 LC patients were cured. Two cases with gallbladder carcinoma no implantion or metastases happened.Conclusion B ultrasonography before operation and improving of the operative mode and skill in LC are the keys to get the successful results.

AIM: To investigate the effect of volatile anesthetics on function,metabolism,ATPase activity and free radicals in isolated ischemia /reperfusion(I/R) rat hearts.METHODS: 136 SD rats were anesthetized with pentobarbital and randomly divided into six groups and 17 sub-groups(n=8),according to the given drug.In a normal thermal isolated Langendorff rat heart model,four volatile anesthetics in 1.5 MAC concentration were given before global ischemia 25 min and during reperfusion 30 min.Coronary flow(CF),LVEDP,left ventricular developed pressure(LVDP),?dp/dt were monitored at 15 min of equilibrium,15 min of drug treatment,the end of reperfusion.Myocardial adenosine triphosphate(ATP),malodialdehyde(MDA),activity of Ca2+-ATPase and Na+-K+-ATPase,and superoxide dismutase(SOD) were determined at 15 min of equilibrium,15 min of drug treatment or absence,10 min global ischemia and the end of reperfusion.RESULTS: CF and LVEDP were iocreased significantly after exposured to volatile anesthetics 15 min,and LVDP,+dp/dtmax were significantly decreased.However,LVDP and +dp/dtmax were increased at the end of reperfusion in the treated groups.HR in halothane and isoflurane groups was decreased before ischemia and after reperfusion.The myocardial ATP content was significantly increased before and after ischemia in the treated groups.At the end of reperfusion,the activity of SOD was significantly higher and myocardial MDA content was significantly lower in the treated groups than those in control group.The activity of Ca2+-ATPase,compared with the control group,was markedly decreased before ischemia in halothane,enflurane and isoflurane group.Nonetheless,the activity of Ca2+-ATPase was clearly increased in the treated groups during ischemia and at the end of reperfusion.The activity of Na+-K+-ATPase was only enhanced in halothane group at the end of reperfusion among groups.CONCLUSION: The volatile anesthetics depress myocardial systolic function.There are markedly protective effects against myocardial I/R injury.Meanwhile,the volatile anesthetics improve the recovery of function and metabolism,and increase CF and the activity of Ca2+-ATPase and Na+-K+-ATPase in rats.

Objective: To investigate the differentially expressed genes in osteosarcoma cell lines with various metastatic potentialities, and to screen for new candidate genes related to metastasis of osteosarcomas. Methods: The total RNAs of a lowly metastatic and a highly metastatic osteosarcoma cell lines (M6 and M8) were extracted. Differentially expressed genes in the two osteosarcoma cell lines were studied by cDNA microarray. The hybridization signals were scanned with a Generation Ⅲ array scanner and analyzed by Imagequant 5.0 software. Typical differentially expressed genes were further verified by real-time quantitative PCR. Results: There were 330 differentially expressed genes between M6 and M8 cells. In the high-metastasis M8 cells, 178 genes were up-regulated and 152 genes were down-regulated compared to the low-metastasis M6 cells, with 43 extremely up-regulated and 49 extremely down-regulated. The differentially expressed genes were mainly associated with cell proliferation, indicating these genes might be related to the inhibition of M6 cells. Other differentially expressed genes included those associated with the regulation of gene expression and signal transduction, indicating these genes might be correlated with tumor metastasis. Conclusion: cDNA microarray shows an advantage in identifying genes associated with metastasis of osteosarcoma. In M8 subset of MG63 osteosarcoma cells,43 genes are up-regulated and 49 genes are down-regulated, which may be related with metastasis of osteosarcoma.

AIM: To study the effects of 1.5 MAC halothane and sevoflurane on ischemic myocardium. METHODS: The isolated rat heart were perfused with halothane and sevoflurane and HR, LVEDP, LVDP, +d p /d t , -d p /d t , coronary flow (CF), the myocardial ATP content and Ca 2+ -ATPase activity were determined before and 10 min and 25 min after ischemia. In the meantime, LVP was recorded during 25 min ischemia. RESULTS: 1.5MAC sevoflurane significantly increased CF in normal isolated rat hearts. Both halothane and sevoflurane depressed myocardial contractile function, increased normal myocardial energy storage. After 10 min ischemia, the decrease of myocardial ATP content were slowed down by halothane and sevoflurane, especially halothane. During 25 min of ischemia, the onset time of contracture was significantly delayed, and the contracture intensity was alleviated by halothane, but not sevoflurane. CONCLUSION: Halothane has better protective effect on ischemic myocardium than sevoflurane through preventing the decrease of myocardial ATP content and Ca 2+ -ATPase activity during ischemia.

OBJECTIVETo compare the efficacy of different expression vectors, target genes, and immunization procedures in transfecting mice via liposome to construct murine model of Graves disease.

METHODSWe linked pCDNA3.1(+) and pUBC to full-length human TSHR and TSHR A subunit cDNA to yield four plasmids, which were later injected intramascularly or subcutaneously into female Balb/c mice via liposome. The blood anti-TSHR antibody (TRAb) were determined and the body weight were measured after each immunization. Serum thyroid hormone levels were measured after the animals were sacrificed.

RESULTSIn mice immunized with pUBC, no significant variance with control in weight nor serum TRAb concentration was observed. Weight gain in pCDNA3.1(+) group was significantlyly slower than controls (p<0.05), and serum TRAb concentration was also significantly elevated. In pCDNA group, animals immunized with TSHR A subunit (TSHRA subgroup) as the target gene revealed even significantly slower weight gain (p<0.001) and even faster TRAb elevation than those immunized with full length TSHR. Significantly higher FT4 (p=0.023) was observed in TSHRA and TSHR subgroups, which was reversely correlated to weight gain, but no significant difference (p>0.05) in FT3 was observed. Weight gain and TRAb concentration mainly varied in the later period of immunization.

CONCLUSIONSImmunization with pCDNA3.1(+) and TSHR A subunit gene together with higher immunization frequency increases the chance of model induction. Furthermore, FT4 is a better indicator for assessing the thyroid function in this model.

Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Female ; Graves Disease ; genetics ; Liposomes ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Receptors, Thyrotropin ; genetics ; Transfection

Objective To investigate the antitumor effect of 17aα-D-homo-ethynylestradiol-3-acetae on the mice transplanted with melanoma (B16) tumor cells,and to explore the possible synergistic effect with irradiation.Methods IRM-2 mice transplanted with B16 cells were randomly classified into control group,irradiation group,17aα-D-homo-ethynylestradiol-3-acetae drug ( high dose,medium dose,low dose) groups,and drug and irradiation combination group.Mice in drug group and the combination group were intraperitoneally injected with 5,7.5,and 10 mg/kg drug for 7 days.Mice in the irradiation and combination group received 1 Gy total body irradiation at 4 d after drug injection and then once a day for 5 days.The tumor inhibition efficiency,the number of bone marrow cells,thymus indices,and spleen indices were evaluated.Results Tumor weights in each drug group were significantly lower than those of the control( t =4.58,9.07,6.67,P ＜ 0.05 ).Drug combinated with 137Csγ-rays enhanced the antitumor effect so that the tumor weights in the combination group were significantly decreased ( t =8.06,10.35,6.71,P ＜0.05 ) in comparison with the control groups.Moreover,the numbers of marrow nucleated cells,thymus index and spleen index in the drug group were higher than those in the control group ( t =2.64,3.80,2.84,P ＜ 0.05 ).Conclusions 17aα-D-homo-ethynylestrudiol-3-acetae can inhibit cell growth of B16 melanoma in mice and may also have radioprotective effect on the hematopoietic system and immune system of mice.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the correlation between genotypes and biochemical phenotypes of phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) in patients with phenylketonuria (PKU).

METHODSThirteen exons and flanking introns of PAH gene in 102 patients with high blood phenylalanine levels (Phe > 120 umol/L) at initial diagnosis were amplified with polymerase chain reaction and analyzed with single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP), denaturing high performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) and DNA sequencing. Correlation between genotypes and biochemical phenotypes was analyzed.

RESULTSBiochemical assaying has indicated that 69 patients had classical PKU (Phe> 1200 umol/L), 31 were moderate (Phe 600-1200 umol/L), and 2 were mild (Phe 400-600 umol/L). More than 41 mutations and 75 genotypes have been identified. There were 9 (8.8%) homozygous mutations, which included 3 cases with R111X/R111X, 1 case with IVS4-1G>A/IVS4-1G>A, 3 cases with R243Q/R243Q and 2 cases with V399V/V399V. Among these 8 belonged to classic PKU phenotypes, except for a R243Q/R243Q genotype which has led to a moderate phenotype. In 91 patients carrying compound PAH mutations, 61 were classic, 29 were moderate, and 1 was mild. Patients who were heterozygous for R111X/R243Q and EX6-96A>G(Y204C)/R243Q were found with both classic and moderate PKU phenotypes. Certain individuals who have carried 2 null mutant alleles such as R111X/V399V, EX6-96A>G/Y356X and EX6-96A>G/V399V only showed a moderate phenotype. Individuals with R111X/A165D and R176X/A165D genotypes, on the other hand, respectively presented moderate and classic PKU phenotypes.

CONCLUSIONNinety percent of our patients are compound heterozygotes. Independent assortment of mutant alleles has resulted in a complex genotype-phenotype correlation. Although in most cases a correlation may be found, caution should still be taken upon genetic counseling. The phenomena where similar or even identical genotype may give rise to different biochemical phenotypes have implied that other factors may also influence the phenylalanine metabolism.

Adolescent ; Alleles ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Exons ; Female ; Gene Frequency ; Genetic Association Studies ; Genotype ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Introns ; Male ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; Phenylalanine Hydroxylase ; genetics ; metabolism ; Phenylketonurias ; genetics ; metabolism

BACKGROUND: Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been proved to be related to the occurrence of diabetes, dilated cardiomyopathy and neurodegenerative diseases. Indeed, it is closely associated with osteoarthritis. OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of ER stress on the chondrocyte viability as well as the occurrence and development of osteoarthritis in rats. METHODS: Rat chondrocytes were isolated and cultured, and the ER stress in the rat chondrocytes was by 10 mg/L tunicamycin. The expression levels of ER stress markers C/EBP-homologous protein and 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein were detected by western blot assay, and the proliferation and apoptosis of chondrocytes were detected by cell counting kit-8 assay and AnnexinV-FITC flow cytometry, respectively. In the in vivo experiment, 15 Sprague-Dawley rats were selected and subjected to anterior cruciate ligament transection and medial meniscectomy to establish an animal model of osteoarthritis. Tunicamycin, tauroursodeoxycholic acid and PBS (blank control group) were respectively injected into the articular cavity, and then the progression of osteoarthritis was assessed by hematoxylin-eosin staining at 4 weeks after treatment. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: After addition of tunicamycin, the expression levels of C/EBP-homologous protein and 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein were significantly upregulated, the viability of chondrocytes was decreased gradually, while the apoptotic rate was increased significantly. Results from gross observation and hematoxylin-eosin staining suggested that tunicamycin promoted the progression of osteoarthritis and tauroursodeoxycholic acid delayed the deterioration of cartilage in the rats. These findings indicate that ER stress results in the decreased chondrocyte viability and increased apoptosis, which may be an important pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Additionally, tauroursodeoxycholic acid can effectively alleviate osteoarthritis induced by ER stress.