Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by the body's dysregulated response to infection. Reversible myocardial dysfunction caused by sepsis is known as septic cardiomyopathy. A thorough understanding of the pathogenesis of septic cardiomyopathy is crucial for early intervention to prevent its progression and improve the success rate of sepsis treatment. At present, the research on the pathogenesis of septic cardiomyopathy mainly focuses on two aspects: the systemic neuroimmune mechanism and the local changes of cardiomyocytes. The former mainly includes the autonomic nervous dysfunction mainly caused by sympathetic overactivation and the inflammatory storm induced by immune response disorder. The latter covers the dysregulation of calcium homeostasis, mitochondrial dysfunction and energy metabolism disorder of cardiomyocytes. Immune dysfunction is one of the key factors that cause the poor prognosis of patients with septic cardiomyopathy. Macrophages are sentinel cells of the body's innate immunity. Cardiac macrophages have been confirmed to be one of the most heterogeneous immune cells in the heart. According to their origin and differentiation, they can be divided into bone marrow-derived tissue infiltrating macrophages and cardiac resident macrophages, which have roles of polarization, phagocytosis, regulation of inflammatory response, and participate in innate and adaptive immunity. In the occurrence and development of septic cardiomyopathy, cardiac macrophages recruited from the blood participate in balancing the inflammation and repair of myocardial tissue through the conversion of pro-inflammatory phenotype and anti-inflammatory phenotype. Cardiac resident macrophages mediate immune phagocytosis to maintain the local homeostasis of cardiomyocytes, and the glycometabolic reprogramming of macrophages regulates the release of inflammatory factors, while macrophage metabolic reprogramming regulates the release of inflammatory factors. A deeper understanding of the biological behavior of macrophages, and regulating the polarization, metabolism and phagocytosis of cardiac macrophages, could serve as new target for the prevention and treatment of septic cardiomyopathy. Therefore, this article reviews the key pathogenesis of septic cardiomyopathy and the role of macrophages of different origins and differentiation, revealing the possibility of developing new strategies for the prevention and treatment of septic cardiomyopathy.
Humans ; Cardiomyopathies/pathology* ; Macrophages/immunology* ; Sepsis/complications* ; Myocytes, Cardiac

BACKGROUND: Congenital heart disease (CHD) is one of the most common congenital malformations in humans. Inconsistent results emerged in the existed studies on associations between air pollution and congenital heart disease. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association of gestational exposure to air pollutants with congenital heart disease, and to explore the critical exposure windows for congenital heart disease. METHODS: The nested case-control study collected birth records and the following health data in Tianjin Women and Children's Health Center, China. All of the cases of congenital heart disease from 2013 to 2015 were selected matching five healthy controls for each case. Inverse distance weighting was used to estimate individual exposure based on daily air pollution data. Furthermore, the conditional logistic regression with distributed lag non-linear model was performed to identify the association between gestational exposure to air pollution and congenital heart disease. RESULTS: A total of 8,748 mother-infant pairs were entered into the analysis, of which 1,458 infants suffered from congenital heart disease. For each 10 µg/m³ increase of gestational exposure to PM_2.5, the ORs (95% confidence interval, 95%CI) ranged from 1.008 (1.001-1.016) to 1.013 (1.001-1.024) during the 1^st-2^nd gestation weeks. Similar weak but increased risks of congenital heart disease were associated with O₃ exposure during the 1^st week and SO₂ exposure during 6^th-7^th weeks in the first trimester, while no significant findings for other air pollutants. CONCLUSIONS This study highlighted that gestational exposure to PM_2.5, O₃, and SO₂ had lag effects on congenital heart disease. Our results support potential benefits for pregnancy women to the mitigation of air pollution exposure in the early stage, especially when a critical exposure time window of air pollutants may precede heart development.
Infant ; Pregnancy ; Child ; Humans ; Female ; Air Pollutants/analysis* ; Case-Control Studies ; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/epidemiology* ; Heart Defects, Congenital/etiology* ; China/epidemiology* ; Particulate Matter/adverse effects* ; Maternal Exposure/adverse effects*

ObjectiveTo investigate whether there exists gender differences in mechanical pain hypersensitivity induced by the subcutaneous injection of macrophage colony-stimulating factor （M-CSF） in normal mice and to explore the preliminary mechanism. MethodsThirty 10-week-old C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into three groups， (n = 10 mice/group, half male and half female). The albumin control group （BSA， 0.3 μg）， low dose M-CSF group （L M-CSF， 0.075 μg） and high dose M-CSF group （H M-CSF， 0.3 μg） received 50 μL BSA or M-CSF injected subcutaneously into the left medial thigh once daily for 3 consecutive days. Before and after drug administration， von-Frey mechanical sensitivity test was used to detect the mechanical paw withdrawal threshold （PWT） in each group. Immunofluorescence was performed to examine the expression changes of Ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1) in skin， calcitonin gene-related peptide （CGRP） and phosphorylated ERK1/2 （p-ERK） in L5-L6 DRG and lumbar spinal dorsal horn. ResultsIn female mice， only high dose of M-CSF caused mechanical allodynia， whereas in male mice both doses produced marked allodynia. Mechanically， high-dose M-CSF induced massive aggregation of subcutaneous macrophages （marked by Iba1） in male and female mice， but more dramatic dependence in female mice. Similar gender differences were also found in the increase of p-ERK and CGRP expression in dorsal root ganglion （DRGs）. Notably， CGRP expression was especially elevated in the fibers of DRG in male mice. Correspondingly， the expressions of p-ERK and CGRP⁺ terminals in the superficial spinal dorsal horn of male mice were significantly higher than those of female mice after M-CSF treatment. ConclusionSubcutaneous injection of M-CSF triggers sexual dimorphism in mechanical pain hypersensitivity, which is related with differential changes in peripheral macrophage expansion and sensitization of the nociceptive pathway.

Purpose To study the clinicopathologic features of ganglioglioma. Methods The clinicopathologic data of the cases pathologically diagnosed as ganglioglioma that underwent resection of epileptic focus were retrospectively analyzed. Results In the 19 cases studied, the mean onset age was 9.1 years, and the duration of disease was 9.3 years. MRI images showed abnormal signals. The majority of the site was temporal lobe (14/19, 73.7％). The tumors showed heterogeneity and often accompanied by focal cortical dysplasias (13/19, 68.4％). Immunohistochemical staining showed CD34 positive in 18 cases, Nestin positive in 16 cases, and BRAF-V600E positive in 6 case. The positive expression rate of CD34 and Nestin did not have significant differences. Conclusion The diagnosis of ganglioglioma relies on pathological observations combined with clinical features and neuroradiological examinations. Differential diagnosis should be done from other tumors or cortical dysplasia. Immunohistochemical staining of CD34 and Nestin can help diagnosis.

Objective To investigate the inhibitory effect of Gekko etha-nol extract ( GEE) on the proliferation of C6 glioma cells and explore the possible molecular mechanism. Methods Groups were divided into blank group, control group (0.01 mg·mL-1 5-fluorouracil) and ex-perimental groups (0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 mg·mL-1 GEE).The inhibitory effect of GEE on C6 cells were detected by MTT assay.C6 cells were cultured with GEE for 24 h.The morphologic changes of C6 cells were observed with inverted microscope.The nucleus morphological changes were observed by Hoechst 33258 fluorescence staining.The ex-pression of cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-9 ( caspase-9 ) and apoptosis inducing factor ( AIF ) were detected by Western blot assay. Results GEE significantly inhibited proliferation of C6 cells after 48 h of treatment. The inhibitory rates of five experimental groups were 19.9%, 28.7%, 63.1%, 75.4%, 76.3%, respectively, and there were significant difference compared to that of blank group ( P<0.05 ) . The typical morphological changes of apoptosis were observed in treated C6 cells.Result of Western blot showed that GEE induced up-regula-tion of caspase-9 and AIF.Conclusion GEE can inhibit the prolifera-tion and induce apoptosis of C6 cells, which may be associated with the increasing expression of caspase-9 and AIF.

The aims of this paper were to define (1) criteria of cerebral palsy; (2) classification of cerebral palsy; (3) etiology, neuroimaging, and epidemiology of cerebral palsy; (4) different kinds of treatments of cerebral palsy. Data were drawn from an international survey of PUBMED (1994-2014) and CNKI (1994-2014). An expert panel used a consensus building technique. The10-point Jadad scale was used to assess the quality of the trials based on the following items, including allocation sequence generation, randomization concealment, methods of blinding, and descriptions of withdrawals and dropouts. Our clinical experience was also summarized. Below is a summary. (1) Further work is warranted to reach agreement for the classification of cerebral palsy. (2) A worldwide prevalence of 1.5-4.0 per 1 000 live births, with an average lifetime cost of 1 million dollars per person in the United States, while it is 1.8-6.0 per 1000 live births in China. (3) Comparison of clinical efficacy of different treatments. In this review, the current advances in different kind of treatments of brain injury are discussed with specific relevance to cerebral palsy.
Cerebral Palsy ; classification ; diagnosis ; therapy ; China ; Humans ; Prevalence ; United States

Objective To evaluate the association between leptin receptor gene polymorphisms and hypertension in Chinese population. Methods The keywords"Hypertension","Blood Pressure, high","Leptin Receptor","OB Receptor","LEPR Protein","CD295 Antigens", and "LEPR" were used to search the literature to identify the relevant studies for meta-analysis using software RevMan 5.0 and Stata 11.0 software. Results Thirteen studies involving 3210 cases of hypertension and 1881 controls were included in the meta-analysis. Overall, a significant association was found between Gln223Arg gene polymorphism and hypertension in allele contrast and dominant genetic model (for allele contrast genetic model: OR=1.17, 95%CI=1.48-2.15, P<0.0001;for dominant model:OR=2.18, 95%CI=1.75-2.72, P<0.00001). No statistically significant correlation was found between Lys109Arg polymorphism and hypertension (for allele model:OR=1.13, 95%CI=0.84-1.51, P=0.42;for recessive genetic model:OR=0.88, 95%CI=0.33-2.32, P=0.79;for dominant genetic model:OR=1.20, 95%CI=0.85-1.71, P=0.29;for additive genetic model:OR=0.90, 95%CI=0.34-2.42, P=0.84). Conclusion There is no significant correlation between Lys109Arg variant of LEPR gene and hypertension in Chinese population, but the Gln223Arg polymorphism is associated with hypertension in allele contrast and dominant genetic model. Chinese population with an A allele are at a high risk of developing hypertension.

Objective To evaluate the association between leptin receptor gene polymorphisms and hypertension in Chinese population. Methods The keywords"Hypertension","Blood Pressure, high","Leptin Receptor","OB Receptor","LEPR Protein","CD295 Antigens", and "LEPR" were used to search the literature to identify the relevant studies for meta-analysis using software RevMan 5.0 and Stata 11.0 software. Results Thirteen studies involving 3210 cases of hypertension and 1881 controls were included in the meta-analysis. Overall, a significant association was found between Gln223Arg gene polymorphism and hypertension in allele contrast and dominant genetic model (for allele contrast genetic model: OR=1.17, 95%CI=1.48-2.15, P<0.0001;for dominant model:OR=2.18, 95%CI=1.75-2.72, P<0.00001). No statistically significant correlation was found between Lys109Arg polymorphism and hypertension (for allele model:OR=1.13, 95%CI=0.84-1.51, P=0.42;for recessive genetic model:OR=0.88, 95%CI=0.33-2.32, P=0.79;for dominant genetic model:OR=1.20, 95%CI=0.85-1.71, P=0.29;for additive genetic model:OR=0.90, 95%CI=0.34-2.42, P=0.84). Conclusion There is no significant correlation between Lys109Arg variant of LEPR gene and hypertension in Chinese population, but the Gln223Arg polymorphism is associated with hypertension in allele contrast and dominant genetic model. Chinese population with an A allele are at a high risk of developing hypertension.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the incidence and risk factors of prehypertension among adults in mainland China and identify the high-risk population.

METHODSSix databases including Chinese Biological Medical Literature Database (CBM), Chinese Science and Technology Periodical Database (VIP), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang Database (WF), PubMed and Web of Knowledge were searched for publications documenting the incidence and risk factors of prehypertension among general population in Chinese adults. Eligible studies were selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria for meta-analysis using Stata software and RevMan software.

RESULTSTwenty-one published studies were finally included. The results showed that the incidence of prehypertension was 37% in Chinese adults. The pooled SMD (95% confidence interval [CI]) was 0.37 (0.29-0.46) for body mass index, 0.20 (0.12-0.27) for fasting blood glucose (FPG), 0.17 (0.15-0.19) for total cholesterol (TC), 0.22 (0.17-0.27) for triglyceride (TG), 0.13 (0.10-0.15) for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and -0.07 (-0.16-0.02) for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). For smoking, drinking and family history of hypertension, the pooled OR (95% CI) were 1.44 (1.40-1.47), 1.60 (1.44-1.79), and 1.19 (1.04-1.35), respectively.

CONCLUSIONThe incidence of prehypertension among adults in mainland China is relatively high, especially in males. BMI, FBG, TC, TG, LDL-C, smoking, drinking and family history of hypertension are positively related to prehypertension, and early intervention is recommended to reverse these modifiable risk factors.

Adult ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Body Mass Index ; China ; epidemiology ; Cholesterol, HDL ; Cholesterol, LDL ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Incidence ; Male ; Prehypertension ; epidemiology ; Risk Factors ; Smoking ; Triglycerides

Objective To investigate the incidence and risk factors of prehypertension among adults in mainland China and identify the high-risk population. Methods Six databases including Chinese Biological Medical Literature Database (CBM), Chinese Science and Technology Periodical Database (VIP), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang Database (WF), PubMed and Web of Knowledge were searched for publications documenting the incidence and risk factors of prehypertension among general population in Chinese adults. Eligible studies were selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria for meta-analysis using Stata software and RevMan software. Results Twenty-one published studies were finally included. The results showed that the incidence of prehypertension was 37%in Chinese adults. The pooled SMD (95%confidence interval [CI]) was 0.37 (0.29-0.46) for body mass index, 0.20 (0.12-0.27) for fasting blood glucose (FPG), 0.17 (0.15-0.19) for total cholesterol (TC), 0.22 (0.17-0.27) for triglyceride (TG), 0.13 (0.10-0.15) for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and-0.07 (-0.16-0.02) for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). For smoking, drinking and family history of hypertension, the pooled OR (95%CI) were 1.44 (1.40-1.47), 1.60 (1.44-1.79), and 1.19 (1.04-1.35), respectively. Conclusion The incidence of prehypertension among adults in mainland China is relatively high, especially in males. BMI, FBG, TC, TG, LDL-C, smoking, drinking and family history of hypertension are positively related to prehypertension, and early intervention is recommended to reverse these modifiable risk factors.