Intravesical instillation after transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) has been considered as the most important and effective method for the prevention and treatment of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC).Nowadays, the main choices of intravesical instillation are chemical drugs and Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG).For all pa-tients with NMIBC, intravesical instillation should be admistered as soon as possible after TURBT.For patients of G_(1-2)T, an immediate single postoperative instillation of chemotherapy as standard therapy for low-risk disease is enough.For interme-diate-risk patients, it is recommended to use an immediate single postoperative instillation of chemotherapy plus an induc-tion course or maintenance treatment, but the scheme of intravesical instillation should be based on the specific circum-stances of the patients.For high-risk patients, maintenance therapy with BCG should be the first chioce.The combination of intravesical BCG and chemotherapy has certain advantages in treating NMIBC, but its efficacy needs further verifica-tion.Although there is a long history of intravesical instillation after TURBT, the choice of drugs, the time of instillation, and the corresponding dosages are still inconclusive.This article summarizes the strategies of the treatment for NMIBC after TURBT.

BACKGROUND: Gene transfer to study the effect of a exogenous gene on cells is a commonly used technique for molecular biology. Compared with viral vector,pcDNA4.0-TGF-?1 eukaryotic expression plasmid transfection has no inherent toxicity or cytotoxicity,with high safety. OBJECTIVE: To construct and identify eukaryotic expression plasmid carrying recombined TGF-?1 by cloning transforming growth factor (TGF)-?1 gene. DESIGN,TIME AND SETTING: The in vitro cell experiment was performed at the Opening Laboratory of Key Clinical Medical Sciences,Henan Provincial High-learning School from March 2007 to February 2008. MATERIALS: Clean healthy Sprague Dawley rats aged 2 months,of both gender,were used for isolating RNA from cells. METHODS: The TGF-?1 mRNA was extracted from the rat bone marrow cells,and amplified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR),and cloned into the pGEM-T-vector and identified by PCR. Then TGF-?1 gene was subcloned into pcDNA4.0 plasmid vector. The inserting DNA sequences were analyzed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Expression of TGF-?1 cDNA,pGEM-T-TGF-?1 and recon pcDNA4.0-TGF-?1. RESULTS: There was an obvious electrophoresis strip of TGF-?1 cDNA by RT-PCR. The obtained pGEM-T-TGF-?1 was confirmed correct with PCR amplification and sequence identification. Recombinant eukaryotic expression plasmid pcDNA4.0-TGF-?1 was obtained and identified by digestion. The inserted sequences were conformity to the designed sequences. CONCLUSION: Rat TGF-?1 gene has been successfully cloned,and recombinant TGF-?1 eukaryotic expression vector has been constructed successfully.

The paper proposed a new method to design and fabricate a flexible neural microelectrode arrays (MEA) for retinal prosthesis, the ion-beam technology was introduced to decrease the width of conductive wires and the distances between wires, a high density MEA (120 microelectrodes with a matrix of 10 x 12) was fabricated on a single layer of polymer from this. The MEA was proved to possess a fine electrochemical property. In vitro test, the average impedance of MEA on 1 kHz was 16 k omega +/- 2 k omega and the average phase difference was -85 degrees +/-30 degrees.
Micro-Electrical-Mechanical Systems ; Microelectrodes ; Prosthesis Design ; Visual Prosthesis

Objective To assess clinic value of esophageal stent placement in the benign and malignant esophageal strictures,and the influence of stents selection on curative effect. Method 36 cases of esophageal strictures, 5 cases of benign strictures,31cases of malignant strictures,including 4 cases with esophagotracheal fistula and 3 cases with esophagomediastrinal fistula. 26 domestic Nickel-Titanium alloy memorial netlike stents and 14 membrane-covered stents were used for the treatment. All patients were treated by placing esophageal stent perorally under fluoroscopic guidance. Results 40 stents were planced successfully in 36 cases, only one case showed membrane covered stent migrating. Symptoms of dysphagia were considerably relieved after stent insertion. The total effective rate was 97.2%. Conclusion The esophageal stent is an effective and safe treatment for benign and malignant esophageal stenosis: The nutritive condition and the quality of life of patients are improved, which is favourable for tumor further treatment. Appropriate stent selection can keep esophageal patent rate and decrease sliding rate.

Objective To observe the clinical value and the effect of interventional treatment on obstructive jaundice. Methods 24 patients with obstructive jaundice, including 21 cases of malignant biliary obstruction and 3 cases of chololithiasis post operative biliary stricture of bile duct, were treated after percutaneous transhepatic biliary moulding, 6 cases with percutaneous transhepatic cholangic drainage(PTCD), 18 cases with insertion of biliary stents, 13 net-type stents and 5 Z-type stents were used, according to the patient's state and financial condition. Results The total technical success rate was 100%. After 7～15 days of interventional treatment, the total serum bilirubin level declined from (454 93?64 52)?mol/L to (66 94?8 45)?mol/L, transaminase declined from (265 67?30 09)u/L to (56 21?8 73)u/L. There was very significantly difference (P

Objective To study the expression of ? 3 adrenoceptor (? 3 AR) and its function in human detrusor cells. Methods Cellular functional studies,radioligand binding experiments and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction were used to determine the expression and its influence on detrusor contractions. Results mRNA of 3 subtypes of ? ARs was detected. Non selective ? AR agonists and ? 3 AR decreased the contractions of detrusor cells induced by KCL, but both agonist and antagonists of ? 1 and ? 2 AR could not influence the contraction;BRL37344 concentration dependently displaced dihydroalprenolol binding to the membrane of detrusor cells. Conclusions The mRNA of subtypes of ? ARs is distributed in human detrusor cells,but ? 3 ARs is the main receptor mediating detrusor relaxation.

Objective To evaluate the therapeutic results of expandable stent for treatment of atherosclerotic renovascular obstructive disease. Methods 15 patients (10 men and 5 women, 41～75 years old; mean age, 52 years) with renal arterial hypertension underwent renal stent agioplasty including renal arterial stenosis 89% (n=13) and fully obstruction without function in 2, of which 2 patients had bilateral involvement. The stenotic range of all arterial segments showed 60% to 90% width of the normal arterial diameter. 16 stents were implanted under the guidance of flouroscopy. The most of stents implanted were Palmaz (n=12, 75%) with regular clinial and angiographic follow up. Results Technical success (residual stenosis

ObjectiveTo compare the therapeutic effect of mininal]y invasive removal of intracranial hematoma and conservative treatment in curing hypertension cerebral hemorrhage of elderly patients.Methods60 patients with hypertension cerebral hemorrhage were divided into two groups.Group A were adopted minimally invasive removal of intracranial hematoma(YL-1 type puncture needle was used into the hematoma edge,and sucked slowly the hematoma), and group B were adopted medical treatment(antihypertensive drugs, dehydration, free radicals and nutrition conservative treatment) ,then clinical therapeutic effect and activity of daily living were observed.ResultsThe hematoma evacuation time in group A (4.5 ± 1.2) d is shorter than in group B (17.0 ± 1.9) d (t = 6.04 ,P ＜ 0.05) ; The rate of neurological function recovery in group A (66.7％) is higher than in group B(93.3％) (x2 = 5.46,P ＜0.05) ; The activity of daily living in group A (80.0％) was better than group B (50.0％) (x2 = 5.93, P ＜ 0.05).The complication rate in group A (30.0％) is lower than in group B (66.7％) (x2 = 8.08, P ＜ 0.05).ConclusionThe therapeutic effect of minimally invasive removal of intracranial hematoma in curing hypertension cerebral hemorrhage was better than medical treatment.

Objective To evaluate the thoracolumbar injury severity score [ thoracolumbar injury classifica-tion and severity score(TLICS)]and repeatability,and analyze its clinical significance in the treatment of injury of thoracolumbar.Methods The clinical and imaging data of our hospital (thoracolumbar X ray,CT examination,MRI examination) of intact thoracolumbar fractures in 90 patients were retrospectively analyzed ,respectively,TLICS score were made for their site of spinal injury morphology ,neural function and the posterior ligament complex three .Three months after reviewed ,TLICS was analyzed by using Cohen weighted kappa coefficient score .Its repeatability was ana-lyzed.Results According to the TLICS system ,spinal injury body ,nerve function and the integrity of the posterior ligamentous complex were evaluated , respectively, the repeatability coefficient of Kappa , the calculated total to 0.47 non operation group,operation group,the total score was 0.46,with a moderate consistency.The neural function evaluation of the highest high consistency ,consistency .No significant differences between the two groups of repetitive Kappa coefficient(statistical values =0.674 5,P>0.05).According to the TLICS system of statistical accuracy ,the diagnostic sensitivity,specificity ratios was 95.8%,86.4%,97.6%,respectively.Conclusion The reliability of TLICS system for thoracolumbar treatment and recovery is higher ,relative comprehensive evaluation ,which can effec-tively guide the clinical treatment .

Biodegradable PLGA [poly(lactide-co-glycolide acid)] have shown significant potential for sustained and targeted delivery of several pharmaceutical agents, including DNA. We reviewed the formulating approaches of PLGA nanoparticles/microspheres as DNA carriers and utilization for gene therapy and vaccine adjuvant.