OBJECTIVE:To understand the availability and affordability of essential medicines in Nanjing after implementing national essential medicine system,and to provide evidence for formulating and completing related policy. METHODS:With inves-tigation subjects of 6 classes of diseases with high incidence,WHO/HAI standard survey method was adopted to select 24 essential medicines and investigate and evaluate the availability and affordability of them in governmental health institutions and social retail pharmacies in Nanjing. RESULTS:Availability of essential medicines in community health service centers in Nanjing was lower than governmental hospitals and social retail pharmacies,and availability of lowest price generic drugs (LPGs) was much higher than original brand drugs (OBs);affordability was totally good,however,there were large gap in the affordability between OBs and LPGs,the affordability of OBs was relatively poor. CONCLUSIONS:The national essential medicine system has made some progress in Nanjing,but worse than expected. It is suggested to update and adjust the essential medicine list based on the clinical medication requirement,guarantee the equipment of essential medicines in medical and health institutions,popularize the knowl-edge about essential medicines,properly adjust the price of original brand drugs and ease the treatment burden.

Objective To discuss the effects on the output concentrations with different lengths and pipe sizes of variable bypass va -porizer.Methods The output concentrations of different lengths and pipe sizes of variable bypass vaporizer were detected .Results Compared with concentrations controlled ,the output concentrations with different lengths and pipe sizes were lower (P<0.05).Conclusion The effect of length and pipe size can affect the accuracy of output concentration of sevoflurane ,the data in our research can also help in the design of variable bypass vaporizer .

The most rigorous and valid spinal cord injury(SCI)clinical trials would be a prospective,double-blind,randomly,control one.The design and conduct of SCI clinical trials should meet appropriate standards to make it of efficacy and safety,trustworthy,and in the best interests of subjects.

BACKGROUND:Stent implantation is a common treatment for various cardiovascular diseases. Biodegradable AZ31 magnesium al oy stent is a new kind of biodegradable stent, but its degradation time and effect are stil rarely reported. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the degradation time and effect of AZ31 magnesium al oy stent in the rabbit aorta. METHODS:Twenty New Zealand white rabbits were subjected to implantation of biodegradable AZ31 magnesium al oy stents into the abdominal aorta. After implantation, the animals were grossly observed, and five animals were sacrificed under anesthesia at 1, 2, 3 and 4 months respectively for X-ray and histological observations. The number of residual struts was calculated under microscope. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:X-ray findings showed that the implanted stent was found to be in complete form at 1 month after implantation, and its degradation was elicited at 2 months, indicating the stent lost its supporting role gradual y. The stent was degraded mostly at 3 months and degraded completely at 4 months. After implantation, the degradation rate of the stent was increased over time, which was confirmed by the X-ray findings. The number of residual struts was correlated with the time of degradation (r=-0.943, P<0.05). The slope of the linear regression equation was-0.12, based on which, the total time of the stent degradation was calculated to be 105 days. These results show that the AZ31 magnesium al oy stent implanted in the rabbit aorta is gradual y degraded with time, and the number of its residual struts exhibits an association with the degradation time. Given that the average number of degraded struts per day is 0.12, the complete stent is expected to be degraded within 105 days after implantation.

Aggressive Periodontitis ; diagnosis ; therapy ; Humans

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive technique that can activate cortical motor areas and the corticospinal tract without causing the subject discomfort. Since TMS was introduced, numerous applications of this technique have been developed for the evaluation of neurologic diseases. They allow the evaluation of cortex excitability and motor conduction in the central nervous system and have been proved useful in monitoring motor abnormalities and the recovery of motor function. TMS also gives informations on the pathophysiology of the processes underlying the various clinical conditions and contribute to investigate the mechanisms of diseases. In addition, therapeutic use in depression, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, spinal cord injury and stroke has raised great interest over the past decade. Theapplication of TMS has great potential both as an investigational and as a therapeutical tool in neurology and psychiatry. However, as an infant techniology, there should be further investigation and large randomized trials to be conducted.

With the existence of capsules,lens regeneration occurs in some mammals after extracapsular lens extraction.It is usually thought that lens regenerates from resident lens epithelial cells (LECs) in the capsule.However,lens regeneration dose not mean simple redupilication of development,and transparency of the lens is affected by irregular growth,migration and transdifferention of the resident LECs.Previous studies mainly focus on the dysplasia of LECs,but update theory about lens regeneration is proposed to be associated with stem cells.Some views and suggestions in lens regeneration are concerned in current researches to better illuminate the mechanism and therapy of posterior capsular opacity.

Objective To investigate effects of cerebral isehemic preconditioning on neurological function,in- farct volume,and the expression of caspase-3 in brain issue after brain ischemia again,and to investigate the brain protection mechanism produced by cerebral ischemia preconditioning.Methods 48 healthy male Sprague-Dawley (SD)rats(weighted 200～250g)were randomly divided into 2 groups:ischemia group(n=24),ischemia precondi- tioning group(namely preconditioning group,n=24).Each group was divided into 4 subgroups according to 6h,1d, 2d,4d after ischemia again.Results At the same point of time after ischemia,neurological deficit in preconditioning group was much less than that in ischemia group,the difference was significant(P

Animals ; Brain ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; Brain Ischemia ; genetics ; metabolism ; pathology ; Gene Expression ; Male ; Nitric Oxide ; metabolism ; Nitric Oxide Synthase ; genetics ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

AIM:To evaluate the regulatory effect of microRNA-132 ( miR - 132 ) in human umbilical vein endothelial cell ( HUVEC) .
●METHODS: ln vitro cultured human umbilical vein endothelia cells in hypoxic environment for 6h, then maintained under normal oxygen condition for 3h, 6h, 12h, 24h. miR-132 and peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α ( PGC-1α) expression was detected by quantitative Real - time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells transfected miR-132 mimic and miR-132 inhibitor( anti-miR-132 ) were measured by quantitative Real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot.
●RESULTS: miR - 132 and PGC - 1α expression was significantly ( P < 0. 01 ) upregulated in the hypoxic environment of cells at 3h compared with the normal oxygen condition. After cells transfection, the hypoxic environment the miR-132 and PGC-1α expression were markedly increased compared with the normal oxygen condition. The cells transfected miR- 132- mimic, the expression of the miR-132 and PGC-1α were higher than that of transfected anti-miR-132 and contrast group ( P<0. 01).
●CONCLUSION:miR-132 level is highly expressed in the HUVEC under hypoxia and may be an effect of regulation for PGC-1α.