BACKGROUND: During plasty of breast, innervation in nipple and areola of breast should be comprehended particularly in order to avoid sensory and motor disorder induced by nerve injury. OBJECTIVE: To observe the courser and distribution of nerve in nipple and areola of breast and provide anatomic data for plasty of breast. DESIGN: Single sampling study. SETTING: Department of Human Anatomy, Medical College of Qingdao University; Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Qingdao University. PARTICIPANTS: The experiment was carried out in the Department of Human Anatomy, Medical College of Qingdao University and Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Qingdao University from September 1999 to April 2001. Sixteen breasts of 8 adult female corpses aged 20-40 years and 10 breasts (5 right and 5 left) of 10 adult females with cancer of the breast aged 43-58 years were selected in this study. All patients or relations were consent. METHODS: ① Breast samples of 16 adult female corpses were scanned layers by layers with stereo anatomic micro scope to chase courser and distribution of nerve in subcutaneous fascia of mammary cancer. ② Ten fresh breast sam pies were frozen, cut into sections and stained with haematine-eosin. The typical transects were selected to observe dis tributed density of nerve fiber in 4 quadrants at various layers with stereology. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ① Innervation in nipple and areola of breast,, ② numbers of nerve fiber of the same sample in various transects. RESULTS: ① Nerve which was distributed in nipple and areola of breast was derived from the lateral cutaneous branch and anterior cutaneous branch of the 3rd, 4th and 5th intercostal nerves and deep branch of mammary cancer. ② The lat eral cutaneous branch of the 4th intercostal nerves went into nipple and areola of breast with the directions like 4 o'clock in the left and 8 o'clock in the right, and nerves dominated nipple were derived from the lateral cutaneous branch of the 4th intercostal nerves. ③ Numbers of nerve fiber in extra-inferior quadrant of nipple and areola of breast were more than those in intra-superior, intra-inferior and extra-superior quadrants (8.06±0.18, 4.63±0.14, 4.43±0.16, 2.13±0.11, P ＜ 0.01). ④ Density of innervation in nipple and areola of breast was decreased centripetally. CONCLUSION: Operation of chest, especially plasty of breast, had better not damage lateral cutaneous branch and ante rior cutaneous branch of the 3rd, 4th and 5th intercostal nerves. Extraordinarily, the lateral cutaneous branch of the 4th inter costal nerves and nerve in extra-inferior quadrant of nipple and areola of breast should be protected carefully in order to avoid sensory disorder.

Objective:To screen for the differentially expressed genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMCs) from type 2 diabetes patients with distal symmetric polyneuropathy(DSPN) by gene microarray.Methods: A 5 075 gene cDNA microarray was used to examine gene expression in PBMCs of 2 type 2 diabetes patients with DSPN(group 1),2 type 2 diabetes patients without DSPN(group 2),and 2 age-and sex-matched controls(control group).The differentially expressed genes were identified and subjected to real-time RT-PCR analysis.Results: Twenty-two genes were found to be differentially expressed,including cell metabolism and signal transduction genes,oncogenes and anti-oncogenes,DNA synthesis and repair genes,ion channel and transport protein genes,DNA-binding,transcription and transcription factor genes,and cytoskeleton genes.There were 4 genes up-regulated and 18 down-regulated.Real-time RT-PCR results of AK1 and FBXO7 were consistent with that of microarray analysis.Conclusion: Microarray expression profile of PBMC in type 2 diabetes patients with DSPN is differential.DSPN may be involved in cell metabolism,signal transduction,DNA synthesis,etc.

Allergic rhinitis (AR)and bronchial asthma often coexist in the same individual,in which they influence development and severity of each other.Both domestic and foreign research has showed that Syn-ergistic treatment to children with AR and asthma could be achieved by inhaled corticosteroids(ICS),oral leu-kotriene receptor antagonist and subcutaneous /sublingual allergen specific immunotherapy;collaborative manage-ment will be realized by doctors'Comprehensive clinical assessment,children and caregivers'self-assessment and chronic disease management tools.Collaborative treatment and management is significant to children with both allergic rhinitis and asthma.In addition,it has an edge in improving compliance of children and their parents during the treatment,the quality of childrens'life,and reducing burden of the diseases.

Objective To explore the variance of helicobacter pylori(Hp) infection rate in children with recurrent abdominal pain(RAP).Methods By using the()~(13)C-urea breath test(~(13)C-UBT) to detect the status of Hp infection in 1676 children with RAP from 1998 to 2004.Results 1.Total 1676 cases of children with RAP were detected.There were 438 cases showed Hp positive,the positive rate was 26.13%.The infection rates in patients from 2-5,5-10,and 10-14 years of age were 23.66%(84/355),(26.31%)(286/1087),29.06%(68/234),respectively.2.Hp infection rates in children with RAP from 1998 to 2004 were 29.33%(83/283),(28.90%)(76/263),25.76%(51/198),26.01%(56/215),25.81%(48/186),24.45%(67/274),22.18%(57/257),respectively.Conclusion 1.The Hp infection rate in children with RAP increased with age;2.The Hp infection rate in children with RAP decreased year after year.

Objective: To explore the effect of 5-Aza-2′ -deoxycytidine (5-Aza-CdR) on ERα expression, proliferation and invasion of human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. Methods: The breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 was treated with 5-Aza-CdR. The effect of 5-Aza-CdR on proliferation was evaluated by MTT assay and cell growth curve was drawn. The cell cycle was analyzed by flow cytometry. Immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR were used to determine the changes of ERα expression and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) expression in the MDA-MB-231 cell after 5-Aza-CdR treatment. The invasion ability of MDA-MB-231 cells was tested by Boyden chamber assay. Results: Compared with the control, the cell growth speed was significantly slowed down and the cell cycle was arrested at G0/G1 phase after 5-Aza-CdR treatment. The expression of ERα gene was partly restored in ERα-negative human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cell after 5-Aza-CdR treatment. The expression of MMP-2 in MDA-MB-231 cells was down-regulated and the invasion ability of MDA-MB-231 cell was decreased after 5-Aza-CdR treatment. Conclusion: 5-Aza-CdR treatment effectively inhibited cell proliferation, induced cell cycle arrest, and decreased cell invasion ability of breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells. The findings suggested that the partial restoration of ERα expression and the decrease in MMP-2 expression may be one of the mechanisms for the biological behaviour changes of MDA-MB-231 cells induced by 5-Aza-CdR.

This study was aimed to find the optimal conditions for seed propagation of Fritillaria cirrhosa in the plateau region in order to summarize the best sowing time and method of artificial propagation. Seeds were stored in appropriate environment. After the seeds matured, the seedbed of F. cirrhosa was treated with cattle dung humus and small shed. The results showed that early March is the best sowing time and cattle dung humus with a thickness about 1 cm is the best coving for propagation of F. cirrhosa; the growing period of film propagation (FP) is about 160 days each year compared with that of control about 50-60 days, respectively. It was concluded that the propagating seeds in plastic greenhouses by using cattle dung humus as planting substrates, using sunshade nets for shading and keeping humidity by spraying can effectively prolong the growing period, improve the retention rate of annual bulbs and the production of F. cirrhosa.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of Gypsum Fibrosum and Gypsum Fibrosum Preparatum in promoting granulation. METHODS: The wounds of muscle layer were produced in rats by using surgical operation. Two round wounds, with diameter about 1.5 cm, were cut at the depilatory area of two sides of the back of each rat, with an interval of 2 cm, deep to muscle layer, and the thickness of the knife wound of muscle layer was about 0.15 cm. Forty SD rats with the wounds were randomly divided into 4 groups: untreated group, beifuji-treated group, Gypsum Fibrosum-treated group and Gypsum Fibrosum Preparatum-treated group, with 10 rats in each group. Then the wounds were sprinkled with powders of Gypsum Fibrosum and Gypsum Fibrosum Preparatum, or sprayed with beifuji solution, respectively. The healing state of granulation tissues of the wounds was observed at the eighth and fourteenth day respectively. RESULTS: The number of fibroblasts, the number of capillary tubes and the area of capillary tubes in granulation tissue of wounds in the Gypsum Fibrosum Preparatum-treated group were significantly higher than those in the untreated group and Gypsum Fibrosum-treated group (P<0.01). There were no statistical differences between the Gypsum Fibrosum Preparatum-treated group and the beifuji-treated group. However, Gypsum Fibrosum-treated group showed no obvious differences compared to the untreated group (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Gypsum Fibrosum Preparatum can accelerate the formation of collagenoblast and micrangium in wounds, and the proliferation of granulation tissues, thus promoting the skin wounds to healing. The effect of Gypsum Fibrosum is changed after being calcined, and Gypsum Fibrosum Preparatum has obvious effect in promoting granulation.

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Objective To sum up the experience of renal transplantation in order to improve transplant effect and enhance the long-term survival and recovery rate.Methods The data of renal transplantation of 1 124 cases who received renal transplantation from Jul. 1978 to Oct. 2001 were summarized. All the possible factors that could influence the transplant effect such as pre-operative preparation, HLA match, donors' quality, surgical procedure, immunosuppressive therapy and so on were analyzed. Results The 1-, 3-, 5-year survival rate (%) of patient/kidney was 83.1/ 70.3, 74.6/ 68.6 and 62.6/ 56.1 respectively. The rate of AR was decreased significantly from 3.09?% only with LXM to 0.89?% with LXM test in combination with HLA serological test. The rate of HAR and AR in 130 cases with additional PRA test were lower than those only with LXM test.Conclusions The well pre-operative preparation, the ideal HLA match, the high quality of donor's kidney and transplant operation were keys for successful renal transplantation. Reduction of the complications, individual and combined medication in reason and long-term follow-up were very important in the long-term survival time.

OBJECTIVE:To optimize the formulation of Asiaticoside cationic liposomes,and to investigate the characteristics of drug release in vitro. METHODS:The thin film dispersion method was used to prepare liposome;using encapsulation efficiency and drug-loading amount as index,the formulation of Asiaticoside liposomes was optimized by central composite design-response surface method with the ratio of drug to lipid(X1),the ratio of cholesterol to lipid(X2)and the concentration of D-mannose(X3) as factors. Using sodium lauryl sulfate as medium,in vitro release characteristics of cationic liposomes prepared with 1%octadecyl-amine was investigated by bag filter method,and compared with those of Asiaticoside solution and common liposome. RESULTS:The optimal formulation was X1 0.07,X2 0.17 and X3 0.03 g/ml. The encapsulation efficiency was (75.529 ± 1.071)%,and drug-loading amount was(2.539±0.029)%(n=3);the deviation from the predicted values were -0.217% and 0.205%;1% oc-tadecylamine was add into formulation to obtain cationic liposomes,and the Zeta potential had changed from -5.6 mV to 20.8 mV. in vitro accumulative release rates of Asiaticoside solution,common liposomes and cationic liposomes were 89.13%(12 h), 87.58%(72 h) and 94.46%(72 h),and the latter was in line with Weibull model. CONCLUSIONS:Asiaticoside cationic lipo-somes have high encapsulation efficiency,and can releases for 72 h.