BACKGROUND:Longitudinal study of changes in obesity is an important method to explore the etiology, which can provide scientific basis for preventing and control ing obesity.
OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effect of age, observation period and birth cohort on the obesity prevalence of adults in Jiangsu province through the age-period-cohort analysis.
METHODS:20-69-year-old adults in Jiangsu province were col ected as the research objects. The stratified cluster sampling method was used to col ect the obese data in 2000-2010, and analyzed with SAS software. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Obesity prevalence of 1946-1950 birth cohort to 1976-1980 birth cohort was gradual y increased (P<0.05) from 2000 to 2010. Obesity prevalence from 1931-1935 birth cohort to 1941-1945 birth cohort was not significantly increased (P>0.05). With the increasing age in each age group of over 25 years old, the risk of obesity was increased gradual y. There were significant differences in the odds ratios between the baseline groups of 20-25 years old and the age groups of over 25 years (P<0.05). Compared with the 1995-1999 birth cohort, the other periods had a slight influence on the obesity prevalence (P>0.05). Compared with 1976-1980 birth cohort, there were no significant differences in the risks of obesity of the birth cohorts after 1951-1955 (P>0.05). But the risk of obesity from 1946-1950 birth cohort to 1931-1935 birth cohort was gradual y significant since the 2000;obesity risks of those born in the different times were different;rural area wil be the key area than 45 years old.

Objective To study the effects on electroporation of Qingfengteng cataplasma transdermal absorption and describe the characteristics of animal pharmacokinetics of it.Methods Two-chamber diffusion cell was used and the plasma drug concentration was determined by HPLC.The application of AIC theory to analysis of the compartmentally based model of sinomenine transdermal delivery by electroporation.Results The Cmax,Ka,and AUC0→∞ of electroporation was larger than those of passive diffusion;t1/2(Ka)and tmax of electroporation were reduced compared with passive diffusion.The drug concentration-curve equation were C=2.884?(e-0.056 t-e-0.232 t)and C=2.512?(e-0.058 t-e-0.149 t)for electroporation and passive diffusion,respectively.Conclusion The change of in vivo drug concentration of Qingfengteng calaplasma transdermal absorption by electroporation could be analized in accordance with mammillary one-compartment open model.The etrectroporation technology could sharply enhance the bioavalibility compared with the passive diffusion.

Objective To evaluate and compare the value of predicting diseases such as hypertension and arteriosclerosis of the body mass index(BMI) and percent body fat(PBF),so as to provide the basis for evaluation of obesity.Methods Totally 3149 common residents in Jiangsu province were surveyed using the method of stratified and cluster sampling.Effective data included height,weight,PBF,blood pressure and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity(baPWV).Obesity was defined by percent body fat with the evaluation of WHO and ASBP.Areas under ROC curves(AUC)of BMI and PBF were estimated by the nonparametric test and then the two diagnostic tests were compared by predictive value of related diseases.Results(1)Predictive value of BMI to diagnose obesity(defined by PBF):AUC are respectively 0.949(for WHO standard)、0.906(for ASBP standard)in women and 0.864 in men.In age group,the 20-39 years have the highest AUC of BMI to predict obesity.P＜0.01 for above nonparametric tests.(2)According to ROC curves we got the adjusted cut-off points of BMI are respectively 26 kg/m2 in men and 25 kg/m2 in women for WHO standard or 26 kg/m2 in men and 23 kg/m2 in women for ASBP standard,while the specificity of predicting obesity decreased from 90％ ～ 99％ to 76％ ～87％,but the sensitivity significant increased from 17％ ～ 43％ to 78％ ～ 89％;After adjusting the cutoff points of BMI,the value of kappa of prevalence of obesity increased from 0.475 to 0.537 in men and 0.115 to 0.655 in women.(3)To predict hypertension,areas of BMI were 0.688(95％CI:0.656-0.720) in men and 0.745 (95％CI:0.708-0.782) in women,similarly,of PBF were 0.687 (95％CI:0.655-0.718) in men and 0.723(95％CI:0.681-0.764)in women;To predict arteriosclerosis there showed highly consistency that the areas of BMI were 0.613(0.586-0.641)in men and 0.692(95％CI:0.659-0.726)in women,meanwhile,for PBF they were 0.635 (95％CI:0.608-0.663) in men and 0.683 (95％CI:0.648-0.718) in women (P＜0.01).(4) Paired test of the two areas under ROC curves showed that PBF had higher diagnostic value than BMI in men to predict arteriosclerosis(u=2.05,P＜0.05),however,no statistical difference in women(u=0.75,P＞0.05)and in predicting hypertension(u=0.75 to men and u=1.26 to women,P＞ 0.05).Conclusions Using BMI and PBF can all predict hypertension and arteriosclerosis effectively,thus,obesity can be evaluated suitably by both BMI and PBF in large-scale population study,especially in women and youth.Relatively,WHO standard of PBF is more suitable for Chinese population to evaluate obesity than ASBP standard.

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the relationship between overweight, obesity and arterial stiffness in community residents.

METHODSA total of 4585 community-dwelling adults in Jiangsu province, China were surveyed with the method of stratified and cluster sampling from 2007 to 2009. Overweight and obesity were defined by body mass index (BMI) and arterial stiffness was assessed by brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV). Statistical analysis of arteriosclerosis included multivariate logistic regression testing among which BMI was viewed as continuous variable (1 kg/m(2) increasing to BMI) and categorical variables (underweight, normal, overweight and obesity) respectively. Odds ratio, population attributable risk percent and the optimal cut-off points for BMI to evaluate arteriosclerosis were analyzed using receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve.

RESULTS(1) After age control, BMI of male or female were positively correlated with baPWV (r = 0.213, P < 0.01; r = 0.186, P < 0.01). baPWV and prevalence of arteriosclerosis were significantly higher in obese residents compared with normal body weight group (all P < 0.01). (2) As a continuous variable, the odds ratio value of BMI on predicting arteriosclerosis was 1.146 (95%CI: 1.117 - 1.175, P < 0.01) after adjusting of age, gender and hypertension. As categorical variables, the odds ratio value of BMI was 0.369 (95%CI: 0.141 - 0.962, P < 0.05) for underweight group, 1.576 (95%CI: 1.333 - 1.863) for overweight group and 2.087 (95%CI: 1.615 - 2.698) for obesity group (all P < 0.01). (3) The population attributable arteriosclerosis risk was 19.1% and 11.6% in overweight and obesity groups, respectively. The area under the ROC curve was 0.661 (95%CI: 0.645 - 0.678, P < 0.01) and the optimal cut-off point for BMI to evaluate arteriosclerosis was 24.25 kg/m(2).

CONCLUSIONSOverweight and obese residents faced higher risk for arteriosclerosis than normal population. Overweight and obesity are independent risk factors for arteriosclerosis after adjusting for age, gender and hypertension.

Adult ; Aged ; Ankle Brachial Index ; Arteriosclerosis ; Blood Flow Velocity ; Body Mass Index ; China ; Female ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Male ; Obesity ; complications ; physiopathology ; Overweight ; complications ; physiopathology ; Prevalence ; Pulsatile Flow ; Pulse Wave Analysis ; Thinness ; Vascular Stiffness

OBJECTIVE: To investigate hidden hearing loss in tinnitus patients with normal audiograms by means of auditory brainstem response (ABR) and explore the origin of tinnitus. METHOD: Pure tone thresholds, ABR thresholds, amplitude of wave I and wave V of ABR were analyzed in 40 tinnitus patients and 15 controls. RESULT: There was no significantly difference in pure tone thresholds and ABR thresholds between those tinnitus patients and controls while a reduced amplitude of wave I and normal amplitude of wave V of ABR in the tinnitus patients became evident. CONCLUSION Tinnitus patients with normal audiograms have hidden hearing loss at the level of primary auditory nerve and the generation of tinnitus is likely attributed to a homeostatic response of neurons in brainstem.
Acoustic Stimulation ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Audiometry, Pure-Tone ; Auditory Threshold ; Case-Control Studies ; Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem ; Female ; Hearing Loss ; diagnosis ; physiopathology ; Hearing Tests ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Tinnitus ; etiology ; physiopathology ; Young Adult

Castleman disease is a rare and complicated disease. A case of Castleman disease (CD) in a 40-year-old woman on the neck was reported and literature review was made to understand the occurrence, clinical characteristics, diagnosis and differential diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of Castleman disease. Because of the rarity of CD, its occurrence in the general population and the typical clinical manifestations are still lacked. There are two types of CD, namely localized CD and multicentric CD, both of them are not easy to be diagnosised. CT scans in preoperative is helpful for the clinical diagnosis, while histopathological examination and lymph node biopsy are beneficial for the early diagnosis. The treatment result is based on the histopathological examination and lymph node biopsy. The prognosis is different with the type of CD. For the localized CD, the prognosis is usually good, while for the multicentric CD is bad. Both of localized CD and multicentric CD have a certain reoccurrence rate.

【Objection】 To evaluate the effects of aortic valve stenosis on the flow field characteristics of ascending aortic aneurysm by computational fluid dynamics and hemodynamic indexes. MethodsA total of 63 patients aged 18 or over with ascending aortic dilation or aneurysm were retrospectively recruited from Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University and assigned to aortic valve stenosis （AS） or none aortic valve stenosis （NAS） group. Propensity score matching analysis and ascending aortic division based on centerline were performed to compare the hemodynamic indexes ［pressure， shear stress rate （SSR）， wall shear stress （WSS）， time average shear stress rate （TASSR）， time average wall shear stress （TAWSS）］. ResultsThere were significant differences in SSR （191.70 ［117.22~248.78］ s^-1 vs. 93.23 ［68.59~145.35］ s^-1， Z = 2.167， P = 0.030） and WSS （2.87 ［1.88~4.00］ Pa vs. 1.20 ［1.04~2.18］ Pa， Z = 2.233， P = 0.026） between AS group and NAS group. The differences were mainly found in the proximal and lesser curvature of ascending aorta （P < 0.05）. There was no statistical significance in pressure， TASSR or TAWSS. ConclusionsAortic valve stenosis alters the hemodynamics in ascending aortic dilation or aneurysms， which increases tangential component force （e.g. SSR， WSS） but has no significant effects on perpendicular component force （e.g. pressure）.

OBJECTIVETo review and evaluate pathologic features and treatment of epithelial-myoepithelial.

METHODSRetrospectively reviewed 14 cases' pathological and clinical materials of epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma of salivary gland. Eight cases origine from parotid gland, 2 cases from hard palate, 3 cases from submandibular gland and 1 case from nasal cavity. Three cases were performed induction chemotherapy preoperation. One case had palliative radiotherapy. Thirteen cases were performed radical surgery and 6 cases had radiotherapy postoperation.

RESULTSTumor arisen mostly from parotid gland and neck lymph node metastasis rate was 14.28% (2/14). The survival rate was calculated with Kaplan-Meier method. The overall 3-, 5- and 10-year survival rate were 67.20%, 45.49% and 17.06%. Its histological characteristics were inner layer composed by adenoid cells and outer layer composed by myoepithelial cells. Immunohistochemical exam show cytokeratin, S-100 and actin reaction positive.

CONCLUSIONSEpithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma easily develops recurrence. It is sensitivity to radiotherapy and chemotherapy to some extent. It is suitable to adopt surgical treatment as primary modality combined with other therapies.

Adult ; Aged ; Carcinoma ; pathology ; therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Myoepithelioma ; pathology ; therapy ; Retrospective Studies ; Salivary Gland Neoplasms ; pathology ; therapy ; Salivary Glands ; pathology

Paracetamol was used as a model drug in this study to investigate the synergetic effects of lipid coating and beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) inclusion for masking the bitter taste of poorly soluble drugs. To control the concentration as low as possible of the free drug which produced a bitter taste, a kinetic model was established to calculate the drug distribution theoretically among the free drug in medium, lipid coated particles and molecular inclusion on the basis of the preparation and characterization of the lipid microspheres, so as to select the proper amount of beta-CD. Finally, the synergetic drug delivery systems were prepared and characterized by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), molecular simulation and the electronic tongue. As a result, the drug release rate constant (k) of the lipid microspheres coated with octadecanol was determined as 0.001 270 s(-1). Then, the synergetic drug delivery systems were prepared with the ratio of 6.74 : 1 (w/w) for beta-CD and paracetamol. The chemical shift values for the fingerprint peaks of paracetamol all increased and hydrogen bonds were formed between the oxygen on the phenolic hydroxyl group, the nitrogen on the imino in paracetamol and the hydrogens on the hydroxyl groups in beta-CD. The results tested by the electronic tongue indicated that the paracetamol, lipid microspheres, beta-CD inclusion and their mixture showed different taste characteristics, with the bitterness order of the synergetic drug delivery systems approximately lipid microspheres < beta-CD inclusion < paracetamol, which confirmed the synergetic taste masking effects of lipid coating and beta-CD molecular inclusion. In summary, the synergetic taste masking was jointly achieved through the retard of the drug release by the lipid coating and the inclusion of the free paracetamol by beta-CD through hydrogen bonds.
Acetaminophen ; administration & dosage ; chemistry ; Administration, Oral ; Drug Delivery Systems ; Electrical Equipment and Supplies ; Electrochemical Techniques ; instrumentation ; methods ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Kinetics ; Lipids ; chemistry ; Microspheres ; Solubility ; Taste ; drug effects ; beta-Cyclodextrins ; chemistry

Objective To investigate the effects of selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor on the hyperplasia of parathyroid glands from uremic rats. Methods Sixty-five 5/6-nephrectomized (Nx) and fifteen sham operated rats were assigned to 4 groups: (1)Sham group (n=14):shamoperated +normal phosphate diet (P 0.8％,Ca 1.2％)； (2) Nx-HP group (n=17):Nx+high phosphate(HP) diet (P 1.2％,Ca 1.2％)； (3)Prophylactic COX2 inhibition group (Prey group,n=18):Nx+HP+celecoxib 100 mg· kg-1·d-1 for 3 months； (4)Therapeutic group (Ther group,n=18):Nx+HP+celecoxib 100 mg·kg-1·d-1 starting at the second month of the 5/6 nephrectomy.At the end of 3 month,blood,urine and parathyroid samples were collected.The expressions of COX2 and PCNA were determined by immunohistochemistry,Western blotting and real-time PCR. Results All of the Nx rats fed with high phosphate diet for 3 months manifested progressively increasing serum creatinine,serum iPTH as well as augmentation of parathyroid gland volume,suggesting that secondary parathyroid hyperplasia animal model was established successfully.Celecoxib significantly decreased serum iPTH levels [Sham (34.77±0.83),Nx-HP(100.73±4.35),Prey (87.36±2.18),Ther (87.47±1.76) ng/L,P＜0.05],the size of the parathyroid glands in Nx rats [Sham (0.461±0.089),Nx-HP (2.436±0.372),Prey (0.987±0.254),Ther (1.27±0.305) mm2/kg,P＜0.05] and PCNA expression in PG determined by Western blotting (decreased to 52.91％ in Prev group and 34.68％ in Ther group respectively,P＜0.05).No significant difference was observed between the two COX2 inhibition groups.The levels of COX2 expression in parathyroid gland were greatly increased in three Nx groups compared with that in sham group (2.47-fold in Nx-HP,2.34-fold in Prey group,3.04-fold in Ther group,P＜0.05).COX2 inhibitor had no effects on COX2 expression in PGs.Real-time PCR analysis demonstrated the same trends of mRNA expression of COX2 and PCNA in PGs of rats. Conclusion Selective inhibition of COX2 may help to suppress the hyperplasia of parathyroid glands in uremic rats.