Glaucoma,the major cause of global irreversible blindness,is a chronic neurodegenerative disease of the optic nerve.Apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and progressive loss of optic nerve axons results in structural and functional deficits in glaucoma patients.Growing evidence obtained from clinical and experimental studies over the last decade strongly suggests the involvement of the immune system in the neurodegenerative process of glaucoma.This review aims to provide a perspective on the complex interplay of cellular events during glaucomatous neurodegeneration that involves aberrances or dysfunctions of immune system,such as ocular immune privilege,glial activation response,T cell-mediated immune responses,autoantibody-mediated immune responses,complement fixation reaction and aging,oxidative stress.The complex interplay of cellular events amplify the primary injury process and contribute to disease progression by oxidative stress and immune response,ultimately lead to cell death with loss of RGCs.

According to the teaching situation,associated with common problems which influence paper quality,we discussed how to control students' paper quality on preventive medicine,such as adopting strict defense procedure,making score standard of defense,and so on.

Objective: To compare the extraction efficiency of imperialine extracted with different solvents. Methods: The content of imperialine in the extracts was determined by thin layer chromatography scanning. Results: Among the methods suitable for alkaloid extraction, the solvent ether chloroform 95% ethanol (25∶8∶2.5) is the best for imperialine extraction. Conclusion: The imperialine extraction efficiency is greatly affected by the extraction solvent.

Objective To detect the apoptosis and the intensity of proliferation in different types of renal pathology in children with lupus nephritis (LN), analyzed the relationship between apoptosis and proliferation in LN. Methods Twenty - seven children (aged 7-16 years old, 21 type IV and 6 type V ) with biopsy- proven LN and nine as controls were included in the study. Apoptosis was detected by in situ nick- end labeling techniques (TUNEL) in renal biopsy samples. Immunohistochemistry was employed to detect the proliferating cells identified by proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and detect the expressions of proteins of apoptosis associated gene PDCD5 and Caspase - 3 in these patients. Results 1. Compared to type V LN, the patients with type IV LN had more apoptolic cells,more PCNA positive cells and higher ratios of PCNA/apoptosis (P/A) in glomeruli. 2. There were no difference in expression of PDCD5 in glomeruli in type IV LN compared with those in type V LN. Numbers of apoptotic cells were observed in glomeruli. The expression of Caspase- 3 in type IV LN increased in glomeruli compared with that in type V LN. Conclusions The up- regulation of mechanism of apoptosis in type IV LN was less than that of type V LN. Caspase- 3 participated in the apoptosis of glomeruli of LN, but PDCD5 did not play a role during apoptosis of glomeruli of LN or the effect of PDCD5 promoting apoptosis was depressed.

Objective To analyze the correlative factors of prognosis of neonatal stress-induced ulcer bleeding.Methods Fifty-four cases of NICU admitted stress-induced ulcer bleeding newborns were divided into mild group and severe group according to bleeding endurance,transfusion requirement,and clinical turnover.Compared with gender,gestational age,birth weight,and score for neonatal acute physiology(SNAP) Ⅱ and score for neonatal acute physiologyⅡ perinatal extension(SNAP-PE) Ⅱ of two groups.Results Based on the output of SPSS statistical package,the SNAP Ⅱand SNAP-PE Ⅱ had a significant deviation between two subgroups((?~2=)15.207,10.311 all P

Objective: To explore influence of bisoprolol on neuroendocrine factor levels in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF), and its therapeutic effects.Methods: A total of 116 CHF patients, who were treated in our department from Jan 2014 to Nov 2015, were selected.According to random number table, they were randomly and equally divided into routine treatment group and bisoprolol group.Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (LVEDd), 6min walking distance (6MWD), serum levels of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), endothelin (ET) and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) before and three months after treatment, and therapeutic effect were compared between two groups.Results: There were no significant difference in above indexes between two groups before treatment, P>0.05 all.Compared with routine treatment group after three-month treatment, there were significant rise in LVEF [(28.13±4.16)% vs.(36.02±5.14)%] and 6MWD [(245.74±44.62)m vs.(315.23±53.12)m], significant reductions in LVEDd [(62.73±10.14)mm vs.(52.82±9.47)mm], serum levels of BNP [(424.51±62.26) ng/ml vs.(324.35±50.46) ng/ml], ET [(80.14±13.25) ng/ml vs.(57.91±10.32) ng/ml] and ANP [(233.24±42.35)ng/ml vs.(164.83±31.26) ng/ml] in bisoprolol group, P<0.05 all.Compared with routine treatment group, there was significant rise in total effective rate (72.4% vs.86.2%) in bisoprolol group, P=0.04.Conclusion: Bisoprolol can significantly reduce BNP, ET and ANP levels, then delay ventricular remodeling and improve cardiac function in patients with chronic heart failure.The therapeutic effect is significant, which is worth extending.

Objective To explore therapeutic efficacy of endoscopic biliary stent placement in the management of bile leakage following hepatobiliary surgery.Methods 11 cases of bile leakage following hepatobiliary surgery were reviewed retrospectively from January 2001 to December 2005.New clinical classifications of bile leakage were proposed: type I,leakage from cystic duct;type II,leakage from extrahepatic bile duct(diameter of leakage less than 1/3 diameter of biliary duct was type IIA;more than 1/3 was type IIB);type III,leakage from intrahepatic bile duct(leakage from intrahepatic bile duct cecum was type IIIA;leakage from intrahepatic bile duct under draining hepatic segments was type IIIB;above draining hepatic segments was type IIIC);type IV,leakage from Luschka duct.Results In 11 cases,there were 6 cases of type I,2 cases of type IIA,1 case of type IIIA,and 2 cases of type IIIB.4 cases were placed only stents,and Oddi sphincterotomy combined with stent placement were performed in 7 cases.Stents were taken out at 3 weeks(6 cases),1 month(2 cases),2 weeks(1 case),6 months(1 case) and 9 months(1 case) postoperatively.Abdominal pain was relieved in 11 cases after endoscopic treatment,with disappearance of biliary drainage from abdominal cavity and subsidence of jaundice.1 case was followed up for 6 months,and other 10 cases were followed up for 1-3 years,with no recurrence of abdominal pain,fever,jaundice and seroperitoneum,and hemobilirubin became normal.Conclusions Endoscopic biliary stent placement is one of effective therapeutic procedures in the management of most bile leakage following hepatobiliary surgery.New classification of bile leakage may be taken as a guide to select therapeutic procedures.

Objective To study the valid correct method for reagent selection, calibration of analyzers, and internal quality control protocol. Methods Reagents were selected by comparing with BRENGER Mannheim(BM)reagent used in Hitachi 7170A. Analyzers were calibrated once a week. One internal quality control chart was set up for three analyzers. Specimens were analyzed by the three machines respectively. Results Except for amylase, all the results obtained from the three analyzers were not significant. Conclusion The recommended quality control protocol is useful to obtain comparable results from different automatic biochemistry analyzers.

ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Sub-Family B ; metabolism ; Animals ; Anticonvulsants ; pharmacology ; Brain ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Rats

Objective To observe the expression and the distribution of Netrin-1 in the spastic and normal segment of colon in patients with Hirschsprungs disease (HD) and investigate the relationship between Netrin-1 and development of HD.Methods Colon specimens of 36 cases with HD were selected for this study.Normal segment of colon served as the control group,while the spastic segments of colon as the lesion group.Immunohistochemical staining was applied to detecte the expression and the distribution of Netrin-1.Results Immunohistochemical staining showed that the expression of netrin-1 was positive in the intestinal muscular layers (longitudinal muscle,circular muscles),myenteric ganglias and mucosal layers in the control group.However,the expression of Netrin-1 was also positive in muscular layers and mucosal layer in the lesion group.There was no significant difference in the expression intensity of Netrin-1 between the two groups (P ＞0.05).Conclusion The expression of Netrin-1 in both the control group and the lesion group may indicate that netrin-1 have no significant correlation with genesis of HD.