One hundred mandibles of adult Chinese male unearthed in Shanghai without missing teeth, alveolar bone resorption or/and malposition of teeth were studied. Our data showed that the location of the mental foramen below the apex of the lower second premolar was the most common. Our results were compared with those of other investigators. The Clinical significance of iden.tifying the anatomical location of the mental foramen in dental practice is discussed

BACKGROUND: Every year there are case reports about freshmen who took extreme actions because of maladaptation. Freshmen's mental health is related not only to their adaptability to university life but also to the stability and harmony of university campus.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the level of freshmen's mental health in early university life and screen out the students with severe psychological problems.DESIGN: A cross-sectional study.SETTING: Department of Education, Shaoxing University of Zhejiang Province.PARTICIPANTS: A total of 4 417 freshmen of year 2003 from Shaoxing University were selected as observational subjects during November 2003.METHODS: The status of mental health was surveyed with symptom checklist-90 (SCL-90), self-rated anxiety scale (SAS), and self-rated depression scale (SDS). SCL-90 consisted of 9 dimensions: somatization, obsessive-compulsive, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, hostility,phobic anxiety, paranoid ideation and psychoticism, and 5 evaluation scales: 1 as none, 2 as mild, 3 as moderate, 4 as severe and 5 as rather severe. The higher the score, the lower the level of psychological health was. They were evaluated as whether they had problem of psychological health or not. SAS contained 4 grades that recorded mainly the frequency of the appearing symptoms defined by the evaluation entry. The standard score took 50 points as the critical point. The higher the score, the more severe anxiety status was. The main statistical index of SDS was the exponent of depression severity that ranged from 0.25 to 1.00. Those with less than 0.05 had no depression, 0.50-0.59 mild depression, 0.60-0.69moderate depression, and above 0.70 severe depression. The group test was conducted among the freshmen 3 months after they entered the university.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The scores of SCL-90, SAS and SDS.RESULTS: A total of 4 417 questionnaires were sent out, and 4 387questionnaires were collected with the effective rate of 99.32%. ① The scores on obsessive-compulsive, phobic anxiety and psychoticism ih the freshmen were higher than those of the norms (t=2.88-4.82, P ＜ 0.01). Among them, 333 freshmen with common psychological problems were detected, which constituted 7.59%. Another 49 students with severe psychological problems were screened out, which made up 1.12%. ② There were significant sex differences of scores in SCL-90 factors between boys and girls (total average t=5.56, P ＜ 0.01). ③ There was a significant correlation of depression and anxiety of SCL-90 scores with the standard scores of SDS and SAS, respectively, and the coefficient of product-moment correlation was 0.532 and 0.361, respectively.CONCLUSION: ① The freshmen did not have good psychological health.② The girls had more psychological problems than the boys. ③ The scores on depression and anxiety of SCL-90 were mutual proof with the standard scores of SDS and SAS, respectively.

Biochemistry is one of the important basic courses.There are some exploration and thinking on biochemistry teaching reform from teaching features of medical education,the application of teaching basic principles and the designing of teaching regulation forms.

Objective To evaluate the diagnostic value of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) and carotid artery ultra sound for transient ischemic attack (TIA) . Methods Ninety patients with TIA of internal carotid artery system in the acute phase and 55 normal control subjects were recruited. Their carotid intima-media thicknesses were assessed by carotid ultrasonography. Serum Lp-PLA2 levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbentassay(ELISA) ,and all the data were compared between the two group. Results The detection rate of carotid atherosclerotic plaque in the TIA group was significantly higher than that in the control group f 78. 9% (71/90) vs. 29. 1% (16/55), x2 = 35. 27, P < 0.01] . There were 35 carotid atherosclerotic plaque in the control group,of which 6 were unstable plaques and 29 were stable plaques. There were 134 carotid atherosclerotic plaque in the TIA group,of which 103 were unstable plaques and 31 were stable plaques, the constituent ratio of unstable plaque in the TIA group was significantly higher than that in the control group (x2 =43. 22 ,P < 0. 01). The levels of serum Lp-PLA2 in male and female patients in TIA group were ([19. 08 ±7. 92] mol/(min · ml) and [15. 15 ±4. 91] mol/(min · ml),which were significantly higher than those in male and female in the control group ([13. 86 ± 3. 15] mol/(min · ml) and [11. 18 ± 2. 96] mol/ (min · ml) (t = 3. 8598 and 2. 9260, respectively, Ps < 0. 01). Furthermore, the levels of serum Lp-PLA2 of males in the TIA group and control group were significantly higher than that of females in the TIA group and control group(t=2. 3850 and 2. 9143, respectively, Ps < 0.05). The level of serum Lp-PLA2 in unstable plaque patients in the TIA group was (20.16 ± 6. 76) mol/ (min · ml) , which was significantly higher than that in stable plaque patients in the TIA group was (16. 09 ±4. 15)mol/(min · ml) ,the difference was statistically significant (t = 2. 5578, P < 0. 05). Conclusion Serum Lp-PLA2 is a risk factor of carotid atherosclerotic plaque, the combination of Lp-PLA2 and carotid ultrosonography can be used and alert indicator of TIA.

Objective To study the effect of biofeedback electrical stimulation combined with pelvic floor muscle training in the postpartum rehabilitation treatment of pelvic floor function.Methods 320 puerperants who were rechecked at 42d after the delivery in our hospital from September 2011 to January 2013 were divided into two groups,patients in the observation group were treated with biofeedback electrical stimulation combined with pelvic floor muscle training ,patients in the control group were given without treatment intervention,then the pelvic floor muscle tension,vaginal muscle voltage and urinary incontinence rate of two groups at 3 month after the treatment were compared.Results The improvement of pelvic floor muscle tension and vaginal muscle voltage of observation group were significantly better than those of control group (<0.05),the urinary incontinence rate was significantly lower (<0.05) .Conclusion The biofeedback electrical stimulation combined with pelvic floor muscle training can effectively improve the pelvic floor muscle tension and decrease the urinary incontinence rate,so it can improve the life quality of puerperants.

Renal fibrosis is the final common pathway to all progressive renal disease.Studies have found that Wnt pathway exists in the process of renal fibrosis and plays an important role in the process of renal fibrosis.This paper reviewes the relation of wnt pathway and renal fibrosis.

BACKGROUND: Mental health is the most important internal resource that individual can depend on and also an important factor which affects the existence and development of individual. But there are few studies on the level and characteristics of mental health of female prisoners during serving a sentence.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the level and characteristics of mental health of the female prisoners in Shandong Province.DESIGN: Retrospective, cross sectional,multi-variable and sampling survey based on female prisoners.SETTING: Department of Technology in Shandong Police College.PARTICIPANTS: The investigation was completed in the Shandong Police College frotm January 2002 to March 2002.Totally 393 female prisoners from the Shandong Female Prison were selected with the grouping-sampling method to give the questionnaire and attend the investigation voluntarily,and the persons with definite mental disease were excluded.METHODS: The mental health items of female prisoners,including 9 factors such as somatization, obsessive-compulsion,sensitivity of human relations, depression, anxiety, hostility, phobia anxiety, paranoid ideation and psychosis,were explored with Symptom Checklist 90(SCL-90), and the judging standard of psychologic obstacle was whether the total scores of positive symptoms were 2 standard deviations more than those of the norm or not.And combined with the archives of the female prisoners and the questionnaire of self-editing item,relative data were collected. The uniform instructional words and the methods of filling in were explained to the female prisoners firstly,and then the answers of the questionnaire were written collectively.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The mental health level and the psychological characteristics of female prisoners.RESULTS: 393 questionnaires were provided.There were 15 questionnaires excluded because more than 5 questions were missed in the paper or responsion consistency deviation appeared obviously after callback.378questionnaires were valid ,and the effective rate was 96.2%. ①The item numbers of positive reaction,total average score,toatal average score of positive symptoms of SCL of the prisoners were higher respectively than those of the norm of general group and reached the most significant level.The psychological problems of different degrees were widespread among them.②There were 372 female prisoners who had positive symptoms, and the detection rate was 98.41% ,which was more than that of positive symptoms in prisoners (40.6%).The significance of difference existed(x2=503.59,P ＜ 0.001).There were 84 persons who had psychologic obstacle in the female prisoners,and the detection rate was 22.2%,which was higher than that of in the general group (10.54%).The significance of difference existed (x2=54.128,P ＜ 0.001). ③The scores of 9 factors of SCL were all higher in the female prisoners than in the adult norm of the country,and reached the most significant degree. It showed that the obvious abnormality existed in the somatization, obsessive-compulsion, sensitivity of human relations, depression, anxiety, hostility, phobia anxiety,paranoid ideation and psychosis of the tested persons, and the ordering of them was sensitivity of human relations ＞hostility ＞obsessive obsessivecompulsion ＞depression ＞somatization ＞anxiety ＞phobia anxiety/paranoid ideation＞psychosis. Among the 9 factors,the average scores of obsessivecompulsion, sensitivity of human relations, depression,and hostility were greater than 2,and the symptomatic reaction of them was already above moderate. ④The detection rates of psychological problem or psychologic obstacle of the factors such as paranoid ideation, hostility, somatization,sensitivity of human relations and anxiety,etc.were higher,which indicated that these were the main psychological deviation contents.CONCLUNSION: Compared with the general group,the total level of mental health of female prisoners is lower, and the detection rate of psychologic obstacle and the degree of symptomatic reaction are obviously higher,and the psychological characteristics such as phobia anxiety, obsessive-compulsion,sensitive-suspiciousness, depression and hostility,etc are outstanding.

Objective To investigate the human papillomavirus (HPV)E6/E7 mRNA detection used in cervical cancer screen-ing.Methods In the study,160 patients treated in gynaecology department of the hospital were enrolled,whose samples were col-lected for ultra-thin liquid-based cytology(thin prep cytology test,TCT).According to the TCT results,the patients were divided into 4 groups,including normal group(n=32),CINⅠ group(n=44),CINⅡ group(n=67),CINⅢ group(n=17).In addition to the CIN classification,according to the type of pathology the patients′groups were also devided.In different groups,the differences be-tween HPV E6/E7 mRNA and HPV DNA positive rate were compared respectively.The differences between HPV E6/E7 mRNA and HPV DNA levels among different pathology groups were also compared.Results In groups of different CIN grades and control group,the positive rate of HPV E6/E7 mRNA and HPV DNA test showed statistically diffrences (P <0.05 ).Compared among different pathologic groups HPV E6/E7 mRNA and HPV DNA levels were statistically significant (P <0.05).Conclusion In cer-vical cancer screening,HPV E6/E7 mRNA screening can be used as a screening method and its combined use with cytological meth-od would be helpful to improve the diagnostic accuracy.

Objective To investigate the distribution and antimicrobial resistance of pathogens causing diabetic foot ulcer(DFU). Methods Secretion specimens of DFU in patients at several hospitals in Qingdao were collected and performed bacterial culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Results A total of 216 pathogens were ob-tained from 137 patients with DFU. Isolation rate of gram-negative bacilli,gram-positive cocci and fungi was 58.80% (n= 127),39.81% (n= 86)and 1.39% (n= 3)respectively. 76 (55.47% )patients were infected with sin-gle pathogen,61 (44.53% )were infected with mixed pathogens;the top five detected pathogens were Pseudomonas aeruginosa(n= 37),Staphylococcusaureus (n= 35),Escherichiacoli (n= 26),Staphylococcusepidermidis(n=24),and Acinetobacterbaumannii(n= 22). The resistance of Enterobacteriaceae to amikacin,amoxicillin/clavu-lanic acid,cefoxitin,imipenem,piperacillin/tazobactam,ticarcillin/clavulanic acid were 0-16.67% ;the resist-ance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to imipenem,tobramycin,amikacin,cefepime,gentamicin,and quinolones were 2 .70% -1 8 .92% ;the resistance of Acinetobacterbaumannii to imipenem and levofloxacin were low,but to the other antimicrobial agents were all above 30% . Conclusion The major pathogens from DFU were gram-negative bacilli, the next were gram-positive cocci,antimicrobial resistance patterns of each species are quite different,clinicians should choose antimicrobial agents according to antimicrobial susceptibility testing results.

Diabetes mellitus( DM) rates remain highly and is increasing dramatically worldwide. Meanwhile, the incidence of tuberculosis ( TB) decreased slowly. Moreover, DM is an important risk factor for TB incidence. Therefore, TB-DM comorbidity is becoming a new challenge in the field of prevention and control of TB. TB patients complicated with DM displayed distinct pathological manifestations, severity, course of disease, treatment complexity, failure rate of anti-TB treatment, death and recurrence compared with ordinary TB patients. Infection and incidence of TB is closely related to the immune function of the host. For patients with DM or hyperglycemia, the immune function is changed, which leads to the increase of the risk of TB and also affects the condition and prognosis of the disease. The present review summarize the current advances in the study of the immunological characteristics of TB-DM comorbidity, including the changes of both innate and adaptive immune responses, aiming to provide reference for the basic research and prevention and control of TB-DM comorbidity.