It is important to improve the lab diagnosis level for effective prevention and treatment of viral hepatitis.By the way of optimizing the routine technology of lab diagnosis,we can improve the sensibility and stability to the international level.Some new technologies,such as molecular biology, proteomies,and metabonomics,should be used to explore some new pattern,fast and associated diagnosis technologies.Meanwhile,we should improve the utilization efficiency of clinical data according the principles of evidence-based medicine,so as to gradually improve the lab diagnosis level of viral hepatitis of our country.

Liver failure progresses quickly with high mortality.Li's artificial liver systems (Li-ALS), which including Li's non-bioartificial liver (Li-NBAL), Li's bioartificial liver (Li-BAL) and Li's hybrid artificial liver (Li-HAL), play an important role in treatment of liver failure.Li-NBAL integrates various of purification methods such as plasma exchange, plasma perfusion, blood filtration modules and so on, providing a standardized treatment of liver failure, and the Li-HAL system has been used to treat animals with liver failure and achieved good results.Besides, this paper also reviews the research progress of the stem cell transplantation as a promising alternative in treatment of liver failure.

Antibiotic resistance is a serious global public health problem, and China is one of the countries with the serious problem of irrational antibiotic use and bacterial drug resistance.The world is headed for a post-antibiotic era.With the rapid development of microecology, microbiota has been linked with antibiotic resistance.From microecological point of view, it is possible for researchers in different fields to innovate new techniques for bacterial drug resistance, and to explore the evolution of pathogenic bacteria as well as the mechanism of their resistance to antibacterial agents.This paper reviews the research progress in bacterial resistance and microecology, and prospects the future research needs that should be prioritized to tackle antibiotic resistance.

The origin,diversity,hemagglutinin protein and mutations of avian influenza A (H7N9) virus are widely studied recently.Although this virus is low-pathogenic in domestic poultry,it becomes highly pathogenic in human when gene mutations occur.The available evidence has revealed that the novel avian influenza A (H7N9) virus is a multiple gene reassortment,and virus shedding in quail and chickens is much higher than in other species.When human infected with H7N9 virus,immune responses will be activated,and massive cytokines and chemokine are produced,which may result in secondary hemophagocytic syndrome and multiple organ dysfunction.The prognosis of H7N9 viral infection may be associated with high level of angiotensin Ⅱ in plasma and the genetic trait of individuals (carrying rs12252-C/C genotype IFITM3).This paper reviews the recent progress on H7N9 virus infection,to provide reference for the control of human infection with H7N9 avian influenza virus and the management of severe cases.

Objective To investigate the influence factors of peripheral blood hematopoietic stem cell of healthy donor by granu‐locyte colony‐stimulating‐factors(G‐CSF) mobilization .Methods G‐CSF was subcutaneously injected in 24 cases of healthy donor for mobilizing hematopoietic stem cells .The T lymphocyte subgroup and blood routine data were detected .Results After G‐CSF stimulation ,peripheral blood CD3+ (% ) ,CD3+CD4+ (% ) ,white blood cell (WBC) count and platelet were significantly increased (P<0 .05) .And nucleated cells density of bone ,percentage of CD34+ cells on mobilized 4 ,5 ,6 d had no obvious difference .The correlation analysis showed that gender ,age and weight were negatively correlated with CD 34+cells percentage (P<0 .05) and pos‐itively correlated with WBC count (P<0 .01) .Conclusion Male donor is superior to female donor within a certain range ,the smal‐ler age ,the lighter weight ,the higher WBC count ,the higher the percentage of CD34+ cells in peripheral blood hematopoietic stem cells after G‐CSF mobilization .

Objective To establish a hepatocyte line from human for bioartificial liver support system and hepatocyte transplantation. Methods Hepatocytes isolated from donor liver of a 25 year old brain death male were transfected with pcDNA3.1(-) recombined vector containing the genes encoding Simian Virus 40 large T antigen. Characteristics of the immortalized hepatocyte line were evaluated by morphologic and functional methods. Results One of the hepatocyte clones displayed highly differentiated liver function and immortalized characteristics has been screened after 42 day's selection of 700～300 ?g/ml G418. The immortalized hepatocyte appeared epithelial and displayed morphologic characteristics of liver parenchymal cells. ALB, AST, ALT and LDH secreted from hepatocyte line were detected. Transmission electron microscope examination revealed that immortalized cells contained a round nucleus with nucleoli, moderate numbers of mitochondria, numerous rough endoplasmic reticulums, and some vacuoles. Adjacent cells were joined with junctional complexes. RT PCR and Western blot detection revealed that immortalized hepatocyte could express ALB mRNA and showed immunoreactive of cytochrome P450 2E1. Conclusions The new established hepatocyte line from human retained some specificbiologic functions and morphological cha racteristics of primary cultured hepatocytes.

Since the outbreak of COVID-19 caused by the 2019-nCoV (SARS-CoV-2), with its high pathogenicity and contagiousness, it has posed a serious threat to global public health security. Up to now, the pathogenesis of 2019-nCoV is unclear, and there is no effective treatment. Vaccine as one of the most effective strategies to prevent virus infection has become a hot area. Based on the current understanding of 2019-nCoV, the development of 2019-nCoV vaccines covers all types: inactivated virus vaccine, recombinant protein vaccine, viral vector-based vaccine, mRNA vaccine, and DNA vaccine, etc. In this review, we focus on the candidate targets of the novel coronavirus, and the types, development status and progress of 2019-nCoV vaccines in order to provide information for further research and prevention.

ObjectiveTo investigate the changes of hepatitis B sarfaceantigen (HBsAg) titer in hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) positive chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients treated with nucleos(t)ide analogs and pegylated interferon alfa-2a (PEG IFNα-2a) sequential therapy.Methods Among 6 HBeAg positive CHB patients,3 patients were treated with nucleos(t)ide analogs followed by PEG IFNα-2a for 48 weeks,3 patients were treated with nucleos(t)ide analog monotherapy.The serum HBsAg,anti-HBs,HBeAg,anti-HBe andanti-HBcweredetectedusingthetime-resolved immunofluorometric assay and serum hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA levels were determined by Taqman polymerase chain reaction (PCR) every 12 weeks.Results HBsAg loss were achieved in three patients after 48-week nucleos(t)ide analogs and PEG IFNα-2a sequential therapy.However,the HBsAg titers of another 3 patients varied from 100 IU/mL to 320 IU/mL.ConclusionIn HBeAg positive CHB patients who obtain virologic response accompanied with HBsAg titer decreasing dramatically by nucleos(t) ide analog treatment,PEG IFNα-2a sequential treatment can increase HBsAg clearance rate.

Objective To investigate the related clinical factors and homology of strains in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (S. Maltophilia) infections in 15 patients with liver transplantation. Methods Fifteen patients with S. Maltophilia infection from September to December 2006 were enrolled and their clinical data were collected. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 10 antimierobial agents against S. Maltophilia were determined by Etest strips. Antibiogram was carried out by resistance analysis assembly with WHONET 5 software. The genomic DNA of all the isolates was digested with Xbal and subjected to pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Results All patients received mechanical ventilation during the treatment and had a history of long-term use of extended-spectrum β-lactamases and quinolones. MICs of 10 antimicrobial agents indicated that S. Maltophilia were susceptible to several antimicrobial agents including compound sulfamethoxazole and ciprofloxacin, but the best active agent against these resistant isolates was minocycline in vitro. The results of all 15 S. Maltophilia antibiograms were accordance with PFGE patterns. All 15 S. Maltophilia isolates were classified as 2 PFGE patterns: 9 for pattern A and 6 for pattern B. Conclusion Mechanical ventilation might be associated with the S. Maltophilia septicemia in patients with liver transplantation.

Objective To evaluate the clinical application of HLA-peptides tetramer staining flow cytometry for determining HBV specific CD8+ cells.Methods HBV specific CD8+ cells in whole blood samples of chronic hepatitis B patients were stained with tetramer complex of HLA-A2 and HBV core 18-27 peptide and counted by flow cytometry. Results The medians of percentages of HBV specific CD8+ cells of total CD8+ cells were 0.20%(0.02%～2.04%) in 11 acute hepatitis B patients and 0.05%(