Pregnancy associated breast cancer(PABC) is a special kind of breast cancer,it is difficult to diagnose at early stage since the mammary epithelial cells are actively proliferative.Whether pregnancy will affect the biological behavior of breast cancer and how the treatment strategy for the patients with PABC impact on the outcome in terms of side effects,response,etc,those factors have to be taken into special consideration.The standard management of PABC still remain controversial.This article summarized the studies on PABC and discusses the advances in the management of the disease.

Tumor suppressor CYLD is a deubiquitination enzyme that could regulate NF-?B and JNK signal pathways by deubiquitinating TRAFs,NEMO,Bcl-3 and p53,and in turn regulating the cell cycle and apoptosis.Loss or deficiency of CYLD would lead to the development of skin tumor,including multiple familial trichoepithelioma(MFT),familial cylindromatosis(FC),Brooke-Spiegler syndrome(BSS).Cancers like uterine cervix,kidney,and colon and hepatocellular carcinoma are related to the down-regulation of CYLD.

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic rheumatic disease involving the spine and sacral hip.AS is the prototype disease of seronegative arthritis of the spine.Besides the violations of the spine,AS can also lead to violations of the peripheral joints,even the eyes,intestine,aortic root,and other tissues and organs.The pathogenesis of AS has remained unclear.AS,a genetic disease,is influenced by the genetic and environmental factors.Studies have suggested that HLA-B27 is the most critical genes to AS,and forming three kinds of hypotheses associated with HLA-B27.This paper reviews the molecular genetics and pathogenesis of AS.

Objective To investigate infection rate of human papillomavirus as well as the correlation between cervical precancerous lesions and co-infection of human HPV,herpes simple virus-2 (HSV-2) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) in Chinese women of childbearing age in Kunming,Yunnan province.Methods A total of 2128 women (18-24,25-34,35-49 years of age),who had healthy care examination in our institute from January 2010 to March 2011,were selected prospectively in this study.The infection of HPV,HSV-2 and CMV were detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (FQ-PCR) and cervical precancerous lesions were determined by the ThinPrep liquid-based cytology test (TCT).Results The overall infection rates of high risk HPV (HR-HPV),HSV-2,CMV were 11.04％(235/2128),3.52％ (75/2128) and 5.26％ (112/2128),respectively.The HR-HPV infection rates in groups of Negative for Intraepithelial Lesion or Malignancy (NILM),Atypical Squamous Cells of Undetermined Significance (ASCUS),Low grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion (LSIL),High grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion(HSIL),and Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) were 4.29％ (82/1912),55.93％ (66/118),84.62％ (44/52),93.19％ (41/44) and 2/2,respectively.HR-HPV infection rates was increased with the development of cervical lesion (r =0.644,P =0.000).No significant difference on the infection rates of HR-HPV and HSV-2 was identified between different age groups (x2 =2.979,P =0.226; x2 =0.798,P =0.671).The peak age groups for CMV infection (7.62％) were 18 to 24 years old and the infection rates of CMV decrease with age.No significant difference of HSV-2 and HR-HPV coinfection was found between the TCT-abnormal (3.24％,7/216) and control groups (2.41％,46/1912,x2 =0.557,P=0.455),and no relationship was found between HSV-2 and HR-HPV infection groups (OR =0.56,95％ CI:0.17-1.82).The infection of HR-HPV were related significantly with CMV infection (OR =3.14,95％ CI:1.25-7.86).Conclusion HR-HPV infection appears to be the key risk factor for cervical cancer and synergistic interaction may occur between CMV and HPV infections in the development of cervical lesion.

Objective To study the therapeutic effect of three dimensional valve prosthetic ring treatment of tricuspid incompetence at the same time in the replacement of mitral valve in patients with rheumatic mitral valve disease combined with tricuspid incompetence.Methods Eighteen patients with rheumatic mitral valve disease combined with tricuspid incompetence were given three dimensional valve prosthetic ring treatment of tricuspid incompetence at the same time in the replacement of mitral valve as treatment group.The same period 18 patients selected as control group,they were given De Vega purposes banding surgery at the same time in the replacement of mitral valve.The index of operation and echocardiogram after 2 weeks and 6 months were observed and compared.Results Two groups of patients were discharged.Right atrium transverse diameter,right ventricle transverse diameter and tricuspid regurgitation by ultrasonic examination after 2 weeks and 6 months were significantly improved,there were statistical differences (P ＜ 0.05),and the indexes in treatment group were significantly better than those in control group,there were statistical differences (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Three dimensional valve prosthetic ring in the treatment of tricuspid incompetence is safe and effective.

Objective To observe the bipolar radiofrequency ablation maze procedure (BRAMP) combined with heart valve replacement for rheumatic heart disease (RHD) complicated with atrial fibrillation (AF), and discuss the curative effect of the new operation method. Methods Fifteen patients with RHD complicated with AF were treated with heart valve replacement and BRAMP (treatment group). At the same time, 15 patients with RHD complicated with AF were only heart valve replacement without BR AMP(control group). Results Treatment group were all cured, and they had the sinoatrial rhythm after operation.Followed up 6 months, 14 patients maintained sinus rhythm,one had AF occasionally. In control group, 13 patients had AF after operation,2 patients had the sinoatrial rhythm after operation, but they tumed to AF one or two days later,and amiodarone hydrochloride had no effect to them. The two groups had obvious differences in the length of left atria, the length of left ventricle, the size of the heart, the function of the heart and LVEF before and after operation (P ＜ 0.01 or ＜ 0.05). But in treatment group, the length of left atria and the size of the heart had obvious difference after operation compared with control group [ (31.06 ± 2.28 ) mm vs. (36.16 ±2.23) mm,t = 11.645,P =0.002; (50 ±9)% vs. (56 ± 10)% ,t =8.052,P =0.008].Conclusion Compared with the operation that heart valve replacement without BRAMP,BRAMP is simple and little, should be promising.

The shortage of organs and cells from the donors continues to restrict allotransplantation.To carry out the xenotransplantation of pig as the donor is a very important method to alleviate the problem.At present,the organs of pigs (such as islet cells,neurons,liver ceils and cornea) have been initially used in clinical practice.However,significant barriers to be overcome before pig organ xenotransplantation can become a clinical therapy because of the immune and physiological disorders.With pigs that express one or more human thromboregulatory or anti-inflammatory genes being developed,the research of the xenotransplantation has made significant progress,the survival time is logner,at the same time,risk of cross-infection between species is smaller.However,immune rejection and physiological obstacles still prevent organ xenotransplantation from clinical application.This review will draw attention to the latest progress of the xenotransplantation,and provide some references for researchers.

Xenotransplantation can probably overcome the critical shortage of human organ donors for clinical transplantation.Recently,research progresses in the biology of xenograft rejection and zoonotic infections,and the generation of α1,3-galactosyltransferase-deficient pigs have moved this approach closer to clinical application,but immunological rejection is also the primary barrier in the study of xenotransplantation.This review sumarries the research progress of immunological rejection of xenotransplantation,providing some advices for the future of clinical xenotransplantation.

[Objective]To evaluate the posterior approach treatment of old traumatic lumbar spinal stenosis,lumbar kyphosis,intervertebral space stenosis using vertebral plate decompression,nucleus pulposus removal,intervertebral fusion and CAPSTONE cage insertion and internal fixation with pedicle screw and rod,TLIF.[Method]Twenty patients with low lumbar spinal canal and intervertebral space stenosis,lumbar kyphosis caused by trauma were enrolled in this study.There were 13 males and 7 females,with an average age of 31.4 years (range 22-49).Four had lesions of L3、4,10 of L4、5 and 6 of L5S1.One patient was treated at 4 years after injury,3 within 9-15 months,6 within 3-6 months and 10 within 1-3 months after injury.All patients were treated with vertebral plate decompression,some serious patients underwent laminectomy decompression,nucleus pulposus removal,intervertebral fusion,CAPSTONE cage insertion and internal fixation with pedicle screw and rod,TLIF.One week after surgery,patients could wear thoracic waist-iliac orthosis and take out-of-bed activity.[Result]All the patients lumbodynia,lower limb pain,muscle strength and hypoesthesia improved within one week after operation.X-rays showed that both the intervertebral space and the physiological curvature improved to some degrees.Twenty patients were followed up(ranged,1 to 3 years)and the clinical outcomes were good.The average Franke1 grade was 1.4.Re-X-rays showed that interbody fusion was achieved in all 20 patients.No loss was found about the altitude of the intervertebral space and the physiological curvature.[Conclusion]For patients with old traumatic lumbar spinal stenosis,the recovery of body altitude is almost impossible.This method is simple and has less complications.It can be widely used in the clinical practice.

Objective To investigate the expression and clonality of TCR V? subfamily T cell in 11 patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis before and after renal transplantation.Methods The CDR3 of TCR V? 24 subfamily genes were amplified in samples of peripheral blood mononuclear cells which were drawn before hemodialysis and at 20th day post-operatively. To observe the usage of TCR V? repertoire, the RT-PCR products were further labeled with fluorescent and analyzed by genescan technique for CDR3 size.Results (1) One patient was attacked by acute cellular rejection (ACR) and one suffered from delayed graft function (DGF) diagnosed by renal transplant biopsy. (2) 1-10 TCR V? subfamilies T cells could be identified before transplantation, and most of TCR V? subfamily T cells expressed as polyclonality. The most frequent expression of TCR V? genes was V?3. (3) Only 1-5 TCR V? subfamilies T cells could be detected post-operatively, most of them expressed as oligoclonality. The TCR V?3 subfamilies still were the most frequently expressed (in 9 cases). (4) There were no TCR V? subfamilies T cells before pulse of methylprednisolone, and were 5 subfamilies during pulse of methylprednisolone expressed as oligoclonality or biclonality, 2 subfamilies after ACR expressed as polyclonality. In DGF patient, there were 4 TCR V? subfamilies during DGF, and 5 following DGF.Conclusion (1) The significantly skew distribution of TCR V? subfamily T cells could be found in all patients with chronic renal failure and chronic hemodialysis. (2) Furthermore, the skewing distributions of TCR V? genes came to more significant at 20th day post-transplantation than before. (3) ACR might be closely associated with some special clones of TCR V? subfamily T cells, which subsided immediately after ACR. (4) The expression as polyclonality after ACR and DGF may indicate that the immune function partially was inclined to normalization even though immunosuppressed.