OBJECTIVE:To improve the vaccine management system in China and the role of licensed pharmacist participating in vaccine management,circulation and delivery. METHODS:The current situation,related supporting measures,and social bene-fits of licensed pharmacist participating in vaccine management were introduced to provide basis for the vaccine management for Chinese licensed pharmacists. RESULTS&CONCLUSIONS:In the beginning,American licensed pharmacists only educated physi-cians and the public,then developed to deliver vaccines in pharmacies supervised by practicing physicians,and participated in ad-ministration of vaccines both for adults and children,finally evolved to be part of the ADR monitoring system,etc. The way to par-ticipate vaccine management included receiving vaccination training,cardiopulmonary resuscitation training,vaccine continuing edu-cation and licensed pharmacist authorization;it has been participated in the vast majority of vaccine management currently. In order to make sure the professionalism,security and enthusiasm of licensed pharmacist in vaccine management,there were supporting measures established by Pharmacy Governing Council in America,including strengthening professional training,saving vaccina-tions,ADR monitoring records,developing responsibilities insurance and Medicare payment system. The above measures have strengthened patients’willingness to take vaccine,improved the social acceptance of pharmacists and saved costs. The Chinese li-censed pharmacists have not play their proper role,it is suggested to progressively realize licensed pharmacist participating in vac-cine management to play the role of licensed pharmacists in vaccine management,circulation and delivery in aspects of construct-ing vaccine regulatory system of“dredging instead of blocking”,clearing positioning of pharmacy and improving the supporting measures of licensed pharmacist participating in vaccine management.

Benzene ; Hematologic Tests ; standards ; statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Occupational Diseases ; blood ; diagnosis ; prevention & control

Adolescent ; Adult ; Benzene ; Female ; Hemoglobins ; analysis ; Humans ; Occupational Exposure ; Population Surveillance ; Young Adult

Objective To explore the regularity of heat shock protein 70(HSP70)expression and its function in renal ischemia/reperfusion injury(IRI),and to reveal whether traditional Chinese medicine, Xuebijing injection(血必净注射液),induces HSP70 synthesis and has a protective effect on IRI.Methods One hundred and eight female Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats,(200?20)g in weight,were used in this experiment,and randomly divided into three groups(each n=36):control(A),model(B)and treatment group(C).The I/R model was established by clamping renal pedicles on both sides for 45 minutes to cause ischemia and then reperfusion was made.In group A,a similar model procedure was performed,but without ischemia.At 5-10 minutes before the IRI was performed,5 ml/kg of normal saline and 5 ml/kg of Xuebijing injection was injected through the femoral vein in group B and C respectively.In B and C groups,according to the durations of reperfusion for 0,6,12,24,36 and 48 hours,the rats were subdivided into six subgroups (each n=6).At the end of each time point,blood and renal tissue were collected to measure blood creatinine (SCr)and urea nitrogen(BUN),and Western blotting method was used to examine the expression of HSP70. In another kidney,renal tissue was obtained for hematoxylin and eosin(HE)staining pathological and immunohistochemical examinations.Results In B and C groups,the SCr and BUN levels at 6 hours after I/R were significantly higher than those in the A group,and those in the C group were lower than those in the B group(P

OBJECTIVE:To explore the development status of regulatory policies of biosimilars in foreign countries,and to provide reference for perfecting biosimilars regulatory policies in China. METHODS:Comparative analysis was conducted,con-cerning biosimilar regulations and directories which had been issued by WHO,EMA and FDA,in aspects of biosimilars definition, the choice of reference drug,quality studies,non-clinical studies,clinical studies. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:Three common points found in foreign regulatory policies were that:firstly,discrepancies were allowed between biosimilars and reference drugs;secondly,the comparison was itemized between biosimilars and reference drugs on safety and effectiveness,in order to guarantee the reliability of quality research;thirdly,clinical and non-clinical studies were reduced with a premise that similarity is confirmed. Given China's current situation,several parts of policies should be improved,including stressing pertinence of reference drug selec-tion,refining preclinical and clinical study directories and establishing supporting system after listing.

Adult ; Delirium ; chemically induced ; Female ; Humans ; Thiocarbamates ; poisoning

Peyronie's disease is characterized by local fibrosis of the tunica albuginea and relatively rare clinically. Few relevant basic researches could be retrieved, which might be attributed to the absence of a robust animal model of the disease as well as to its rareness. At present, some animal models available for Peyronie's disease have their own merits and demerits. TGF-β1-induced and Fibrin-induced models are lack of penile curvature and calcification/ossification. A surgical model might be established for the acute phase of the disease. The characteristic of a widespread fibrotic process involving many organs in the spontaneous model is quite different from that of human Peyronie's disease. Therefore, choosing the right model is essential for researches. This paper presents an overview of the animal models of Peyronie's disease, meant to provide some reference for the basic research of the disease.
Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Fibrin ; Fibrosis ; Humans ; Male ; Penile Induration ; chemically induced ; pathology ; Penis ; pathology ; Transforming Growth Factor beta1

Adult ; Chlorides ; toxicity ; Female ; Humans ; Inhalation Exposure ; Lung ; diagnostic imaging ; Lung Injury ; diagnostic imaging ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Phosphorus Compounds ; toxicity ; Radiography ; Young Adult

Adult ; Bone and Bones ; diagnostic imaging ; Chronic Disease ; Humans ; Male ; Mandible ; diagnostic imaging ; Middle Aged ; Occupational Exposure ; Phosphorus ; poisoning ; Radiography