The occurrence of breast cancer is closely related to genetic factors.BRCA1 and BRCA2,breast cancer susceptibility genes,play important roles in the occurrence and development of breast cancer.The researches on germline mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 are of great significance in prevention,diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer.

Objective To evaluate the teaching quality of AIDS and drug abuse and to provide evidences for teaching improvement.Methods Quantitative research and qualitative research was combined.Questionnaire including evaluation of curriculum,teachers and teaching quality was conducted among 273 students majored in anesthesiology and clinical medicine (2006 grade) as well as in forensic medicine,laboratory and stomatology (2008 grade) in quantitative research.Observation and indepth interview were used in qualitative research to observe the teaching process and receive students'feedback.Information about students' evaluation criterions and attitude toward teachers were collected by qualitative research.Chi-square test and descriptive statistic were used with SPSS 13.0.Results 90.8％ students thought this lesson was necessary and important and the contents were accepted by them.24.2％ students expected increasing study hours and having practice classes.Evaluation of course time,contents and importance were different by students of different majors.Average scores of students' evaluation on teachers' quality,teaching contents and teaching methods were 25.2,22.4,11.0,respectively.Three aspects of teaching methods got the lowest scores:vivid (2.71 points out of 3.0 points),interaction (2.71 points out of 3.0 points) and flexibility (2.72 out of 3.0 points).Interview results demonstrated that students have diversified demand for teaching methods and expect to increase practice lessons and multimedia teaching as well as to effective communicate between teaching and learning.Conclusions Course of AIDS and drug abuse is accepted by students.As a whole,students are basically satisfied with teachers,however,teachers and related sectors should pay more attention to teaching method improvement and teaching skill enhancement.

Objective To analyze the relationship between urinary tract infection and age of heminephreetorny in duplex kidney infants.Methods The records of infants diagnosed as a duplex kidney and received heminephrectomy were reviewed,who were admitted in the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University between Aug.2009 to Jul.2013.Results There were 26 duplex kidney infants altogether.Fifteen infants (57.7％) were in urinary tract infection group,age of heminephrectomy was from 2 months to 36 months (3 years),the median age of 7 months.Eleven infants (42.3％) were without urinary tract infection group,and the age of heminephrectomy was from 0.2 months (6 days) to 10.0 months,the median age was 4 months.The age of heminephrectomy was older in urinary tract infection group than that in non-infection group (P =0.045).In urinary tract infection group,all of the 15 infants had presence of lots of white blood cells in the urine before surgery and pyuria was found in the upper pelvis and the ureters when surgery,the result of urine culture was Escherichia coli (4 cases),Klebsiella pneumoriae (1 case),Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1 case),and culture negative 9 cases.In urinary tract infection group,infections could not be healed only by medical management,9 patients had fever and 2 patients had hypoalbuminemia,but all the symptoms were healed after surgery.In the group without urinary tract infection,all of the 11 infants had normal findings by urinalysis and urine culture,and fever and hypoalbuminemia were not present.There was no surgery complication related to lower ages of heminephrectomy and heminephrectomy for duplex kidneys was safe in small infants.Conclusions The rate of urinary tract infection is higher when the age of heminephrectomy is older in duplex kidney infants.Diagnosis and heminephrectomy should be performed early for infants with the poor kidney function since there is on sense to retain the damaged kidneys.

Objective To analyze the effects of TGF-β1 and p53 on expressions and mutations in smoked lung tissues.Methods Smoked rats model was built.The expressions of TGF-β1 and p53 in lung tissues were observed by immunohistochemistry.The expressions of TGF-β1 mRNA in lung tissues were observed by trans-reverse polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).The mutations of p53 in exon 5,6,7-8 were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction single-strandconformational polymorphism (PCR-SSCP).Results The expressions of TGF-β1 in normal lung tissues were faint,and the expressions increased along with the smoking months (P ＜0.05).The positive ratio of protein expression was increased with prolonging smoking time.The mutation of p53 was increased with smoking time.The p53 exons 5,6,7-8 have mutations respectively.The ratio of mutations increased along with smoke months.Conclusion The expressions and mutations of TGF-β1 and p53 increase along with smoked time,which can be regarded as references for lung cancer diagnosis.

Humanistic care in the delivery of medical services has become an indispensable factor in the competition of the medical market. In accordance with the differences in service items and processes, the Department of Laboratories tried to offer humanistic care to various customers so as to meet the different needs of physicians, nurses and patients from various clinical departments. The authors describe the specific steps taken by their department and points out the necessity and significance of humanistic care in modem hospital administration.

AIM:To set up the quality standard for Fuyang Jiedu Granules(Radix Sutellariae,Herba Scute-(llariae) Barbatae,Herba Epimedii,etc.). METHODS: Radix Scutellariae,Herba Scutellariae Barbatae and Herba Epimedii in preparation were identified by TLC.The content of baicalin was determined by HPLC on Agilent Eclipse XBD-C_(18) column. The mobile phase was methanol-phosphoric-water(47∶53∶0.2).The detection wavelength was at 280 nm. A Shim-pack VP-ODS column was used to determine icariin.The mobile phase consisted of 0.32% phosphoric acid-acetonitrile(75∶25).The detection wavelength was 270 nm. RESULTS: The spot on the thin layer plate was clear.The negative contral was not disturbed.The linear range of baicalin was in the range 0.122 12 ?g to 0.606 ?g.The average recovery was 99.59% with RSD of 2.16%.The linearity range of icariin was in the range 0.201 6 ?g-1.008 ?g.The average recovery was 99.49% with RSD of 1.31%.(CONCLUSION:) The methods are specific,simple,fast and accurate,and can be used for quality control of Fuyang Jiedu Granules.

Liver fibrosis can be caused by chronic liver injury arising from various etiological factors and it is a reversible process.The activation of the hepatic stellate cell(HSC)is the central event in liver fibrosis,since we know that cytokines secreted from Kupffer cell participate in HSC proliferation,apoptosis and ECM metabolism.In this paper we focus on the relationship between HSCs,Kupffer cell,cytokines and the course of hepatic fibrosis.Elucidating this relationship will benefit research on the role of Kupffer and HSCs in hepatic fibrosis.

Liver fibrosis can be caused by chronic liver injury arising from various etiological factors and it is a reversible process. The activation of the hepatic stellate cell( HSC) is the central event in liver fibrosis,since we know that cytokines secreted from Kupffer cell participate in HSC proliferation,apoptosis and ECM metabolism. In this paper we focus on the relation-ship between HSCs,Kupffer cell,cytokines and the course of hepatic fibrosis. Elucidating this relationship will benefit research on the role of Kupffer and HSCs in hepatic fibrosis.

Disuse-related osteopenia is mainly due to decrease of bone formation which relates closely to the changes of osteoblast function and differentiation. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells which are multipotent cells present in bone marrow can differentiate into osteoblast. The factors which regulate the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were introduced. This will increase the understanding and aid in the prevention and treatments of bone loss to create a healthier life for astronauts and patients after disuse.

Immobilization is a usual method to treat the injury of skeletal muscle system and plays an important role in rehabilitation of diseases. But immobilization also displays some negative effects, of all, muscle system is affected significantly. The mechanism is explored in the article from immobilization-induced skeletal muscle atrophy, the dropping of muscle power, reduction of vessels density in muscle and metabolic disturbance of muscle. The authors of the article advances that shortening the period of immobilization as possible and performing early rehabilitation are important to remove the negative influence of immobilization, but all treatments should obey the medical rules.