Acupuncture Points ; Acupuncture Therapy ; instrumentation ; Adult ; Aged ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Needles

Objective:To prepare type Ⅲ sodium-phosphate cotransporter(NaPi-Ⅲ) siRNA-loaded chitosan microspheres and to evaluate their physico-chemical properties and siRNA release in vitro.Methods: NaPi-Ⅲ siRNA was loaded into chitosan microspheres by using the complex coacervation method.The structure of the nanoparticles was observed under scanning electron microscope and their diameter distribution was measured by a laser grain analyzer.RNase assay was used to detect the efficacy of anoparticles in prevention of siRNA from degradation.Ultraviolet spectrophotometry and HPLC technique were used to determine the entrapment efficiency,loading capacity,and siRNA releasing rate in vitro.Results: The chitosan nanoparticles loaded with NaPi-Ⅲ siRNA were successfully prepared.The nanoparticles were spherical in shape and were well distributed,with an average diameter of 173 nm.After RNase treatment,D_(260) rose more slowly in chitosan nanoparticles-based siRNA suspension than in simple NaPi-Ⅲ siRNA solution(P

Objective:To establish a rat hyperparathyroidism model secondary to chronic renal failure,so as to lay a foundation for studying the mechanism and treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism.Methods: Thiry-six male Sprague-Dawley rats,weighing 200-250 g,were randomly divided into 6 groups: 5/6 nephrectomy plus high phosphorus food group(STNx + HP),5/6 nephrectomy plus low phosphorus food group(STNx + LP),5/6 nephrectomy plus normal phosphorus food group(STNx + NP),sham operation plus high phosphorus food group(Sham + HP),sham operation plus low phosphorus food group(Sham + LP),and sham operation plus normal phosphorus food group(Sham + NP).Nephrectomy was performed in 2 steps.Serum phosphorus levels(P) and iPTH levels were detected at day 7 pre-operation and day 7,14,and 21 after the second operation.The kidneys,thyroid glands and parathyroid glands complex underwent pathological analysis 4 weeks after operation.Results: Five patients survived in STNx+NP group,4 in STNx+LP group and 4 in STNx+HP group postoperatively.No death occurred in sham operated groups.Serum phosphorus levels of nephrectomy groups at different time points after operation were higher than those before operation and those of sham operation groups(P

Organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATP), a member of solute carrier (SLC) superfamily, is considered as an important transmembrane uptake transporters. OATP is involved in the transport of a variety of endo- and xenobiotics (bile acids, bilirubin, prostaglandin, thyroid hormones, steroid hormone conjugates), drugs and toxins in a Na+ and ATP independent manner. Multiple factors (eg. hormones, proinflammatory cytokines, drugs) can affect the distribution, expression and activity of OATPs, leading to an altered accumulation of OATP substrates and related food-drug and drug-drug interactions. Changes in the distribution and expression of OATPs in malignant tissues may be related to the pathological process of cancer, while the modulation epigenetic mechanism also contributes to its distribution patterns. This review describes the factors that can affect the expression or function of OATPs, which may provide a valuable reference for drug development and the clarification of pathogenesis.
Biological Transport ; Humans ; Neoplasms ; Organic Anion Transporters ; physiology ; Xenobiotics

Organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATP), a member of solute carrier (SLC) superfamily, is considered as an important transmembrane uptake transporters. OATP is involved in the transport of a variety of endo- and xenobiotics (bile acids, bilirubin, prostaglandin, thyroid hormones, steroid hormone conjugates), drugs and toxins in a Na+ and ATP independent manner. Multiple factors (eg. hormones, proinflammatory cytokines, drugs) can affect the distribution, expression and activity of OATPs, leading to an altered accumulation of OATP substrates and related food-drug and drug-drug interactions. Changes in the distribution and expression of OATPs in malignant tissues may be related to the pathological process of cancer, while the modulation epigenetic mechanism also contributes to its distribution patterns. This review describes the factors that can affect the expression or function of OATPs, which may provide a valuable reference for drug development and the clarification of pathogenesis.

Keratoconus is a progressive and bilateral corneal disease with the characteristics of the protrusion of the dilated and central thinning cornea.Keratoconus often causes myopia and irregular astigmatism, and corneal edema and scarring in the late stage, leads to significant vision loss, and brings patients psychological pressure and economic burden.Eye rubbing is an important risk factor of keratoconus.Many studies suggest that eye rubbing is related to the occurrence and development of keratoconus.Different frequency and intensity of eye rubbing have different effects on the cornea.In susceptible population, eye rubbing causes severer damage to the cornea and more serious consequences.Eye rubbing damages the cornea by direct mechanical action, raising corneal temperature and intraocular pressure and releasing inflammatory factors resulting in cell apoptosis.Avoiding eye rubbing is of great significance in delaying the development of keratoconus.Reducing the rubbing time and frequency of patients with keratoconus by treating the primary disease causing eye rubbing and distracting them can reduce the occurrence and slow down the progression of keratoconus, and the life quality of patients can be improved.In this review, the role of eye rubbing in the etiology of keratoconus was elucidated to provide reference for the treatment and prevention of keratoconus.

Objective To investigate the effectiveness of micro assistant teaching in physiology teaching . Methods A total of 112 students from the rehabilitation Class 1 and 2 of Grade 2016 in Hubei University of Medicine were selected as the subjects. Class 1 was the control group and Class 2 was the ex-perimental group . The control group adopted the traditional teaching method . The experimental group adopted micro assistant teaching method for physiology teaching. At the end of the course, the learning outcomes were evaluated by using descriptive analysis and t test (α=0.05) based on the final examination and questionnaire. Results There were significant differences in the final exam results between the exper-imental group and the control group [(81.46±7.63) vs. (68.21±10.27), t=-7.769, P=0.000]. There are also statistically significant between two groups according to the scores of Chapter 4 [(15.76±1.28) vs. (9.34± 1.96), t=-20.595, P=0.000], Chapter 8 [(8.31±0.86) vs. (6.28±1.22), t=-10.207, P=0.000] and Chapter 10 [(15.99±1.14) vs. (11.19±1.81), t=-16.856, P=0.000]. The questionnaire survey of teaching effect showed that in experimental group 56 students (98.24％) felt it could help to enhance interactive communication, 51 students (89.47％) believed it could help to organize the classroom discipline, 43 students (75.43％) believed it could increase learning interest, and 55 students (95.26％) believed it could help to accurately solve the various difficult points of knowledge. Conclusion Micro assistant teaching can improve the teaching effect of physiology teaching, which is worthy of promotion.

To study the underlying mechanism of vasovasotomy infertility, we set up the rabbit model and observed the levels of testosterone, IL-1 activity and TNFα, which represent the functions of monocytes and macrophages on the animal model of vasovasostomy, and probed into the in vitro effect of IL-1β on the production of testosterone by Leydig cells. Rabbit model was set up and divided into vasovasostomy fertility group (VFG) and vasovasostomy infertility group (VIG), and set up peer group of Vasectomy group (VG) and sham operation group (SOG) as controls. The results were as follows: The sperm density and total number is highest in SOG, with that in VFG markedly lower than that in SOG, but significantly higher than that in VIG. 　　1. VFG showed significant higher level of testosterone (Ts) than SOG, VG and VIG; Ts of VIG was significantly lower than SOG or VFG. In the vasovasostomy groups, sperm density is positively correlated to the level of testosterone. 　　2. The level of serum cortisol in VIG significantly higher than that in VFG, SOG, and VG. The level of serum cortisol negatively correlated to serum testosterone. 3. Serum estradiol(E2) was similar among all the groups (P＞0.05). E2/T ratio is significantly different among the groups, with that in VIG highest and that in VFG lowest. 4. Serum IL-1 activity in VIG was significantly higher than that in SOG and VFG(P＜0.05). 　　5. Serum TNFα and serum IL-1 activity share similar change, with TNFα in VG significantly higher than that in SOG(P＜0.01), VIG was the highest among the four groups(P＜0.01). Correlation test showed that serum IL-1 activity and TNFα level was negatively correlated to testosterone level; positively correlated to cortisol level and E2/T ratio. 6. Immuno-histo-chemistry of CD68 and TNFα in rabbits with vasovasostomy showed that in the testis tissue of SOG, interstitial tissue was normal with no filtration of inflammation cells including CD68 cells. In VFG and VIG, the tubules with resumed sperm production showed negative staining, and atrophic tubules and their surroundings were expression positive of CD68, with that markedly deeper in VIG than that in VFG. TNFα positive expressed granules was found only in atrophic convolted seminiferous tubules and their surroundings, with that deeper in VIG than that in VFG. 7. Culture Leydig cells were put in the following holes:(1) Control; (2) hCG; (3) IL-1; (4)IL-1 β+hCG; (5) IL-1 β+IL-1Ra; and (6) hCG+IL-1β+IL-1Ra. Determined the levels of testosterone by immuno-radiation technique. (1) IL-1 β showed no obvious effect on the Leydig cultured in vitro, but depressed the induction of Leydig cells by hCG to synthesize testosterone; (2) IL-1Ra blocked the depression of IL-1β Leydig cells' bio-synthesis of testosterone induced by hCG. In summary, one of the obvious changes in animals with vasovasotomy is low density of sperms, which is related to the lowering of testosterone. Low level of testosterone is related to the activation of monocytes and macrophages to produce IL-1 and TNFα, which negatively regulate the production of testosterone.

AIM:Aquaporins (AQP) are very important for the water transport across cell membrane. There are at least 10 mammalian AQPs( aquaporins 0-9) distributed in various organs and different kinds of cells. Each AQP has a distinct organ distribution, and this distribution could be useful in presuming the biological function of the aquaporin. The aim of this study was to figure out the distribution of aquaporin 7 (AQP7) and aquaporin 8(AQP8).METHODS：Semi-quantified RT-PCR was employed in this research. The ratio of OD value of target gene products divided by which of control gene products was calculated. Among 35 organs, testis, epididymis, skin, muscle, rectum, lung, bronchus, lymph node, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon, pancreas, liver, gall bladder, spleen, mammary gland, uterus, placenta, tonsil, urinary bladder, thyroid came from normal area of removed samples during operation. cDNA library of Prostate, thymus, salivary gland, penis, carotiol artery, adrenal gland, occipital lobe of brain, temporal lobe of brain, frontal lobe of brain, parietal lobe of brain, mid brain, choroid plexus are purchased from OriGene biotechnique company.RESULTS：①AQP 7 mRNA was found in testis, muscle, gall bladder, carotiol artery, lymph node and adrenal gland, and maximum expression of AQP 7 was in testis.②AQP 8 mRNA was found in pancreas, testis, skin and colon. and maximum expression of AQP 8 was in pancreas.CONCLUSION:Coexistence of AQP 7 and 8 in testis was confirmed, which suggested that both of these two aquaporins were involved in the regulation of testis function.

Objective To study the influences of ginsenoside Re on learning and memory abilities of natural apolexis rats and to probe its preliminary mechanism.Method Water maze test for old rats was used to observe the effect of ginsenoside Re on learning and memory,and electrophysiological technique to record the long-term potentiation(LTP)in basic synaptic transmission of the dentate gyrus in anesthetized rats.Results Ginsenoside Re can markedly counteract memory acquisition impairment in natural apolexis rats,and enhance the synaptic transmission in the dentate gyrus and form the LTP consequence.Conclusion Ginsenoside Re can improve the learning and memory obstacle in rats,the mechanism may correlate with its enhancing the basic synaptic transmission and promoting the magnitude of LTP of the dentate gyrus.